Legitimizing Values in Regulatory Science
Legitimizing Values in Regulatory Science
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp3317
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Hicks, Daniel J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fernandez Pinto, Manuela;Hicks, Daniel J.
背景技术：在过去的几十年里，科学家和社会团体经常对监管科学的政治化或政治干预表示担忧。公共行为者（环保主义者和工业倡导者、政治上结盟的公众人物、科学家和政治评论员）。在美国以及其他国家）在主要的政治监管争议中表达了对科学不适当的政治化的担忧。虽然我们也对科学的政治化感到关切，但这些关切往往是根据一种不受价值观影响的科学理想来界定的，根据这种理想，政治和经济价值观在科学中没有合法的作用。几十年来，在科学哲学的工作已经确定了严重的概念和实践问题的价值自由的理想。讨论：我们的目标是讨论文献的概念和实践问题的价值自由的理想，并提供一个建设性的替代价值自由的理想。讨论：我们首先讨论了监管科学中普遍存在的价值中立理想，然后认为这种理想是自我破坏的，并已被利用来推迟保护性监管。为了提供建设性的替代方案，我们分析了监管科学的目标与良好科学活动标准之间的关系。这一分析提出了关于好的科学的方法和实践标准之间的关系，各种重要的社会商品之间的紧张关系，以及各种社会利益之间的紧张关系的问题。我们认为，监管科学的目的有助于合法化的价值负载的选择有关的研究方法和研究设计。最后，我们讨论了公众审议、适应性管理和基于社区的参与性研究如何被用来提高科学家作为公众代表在环境知识问题上的合法性。反思监管科学的目标，如保护人类健康和环境，为民主审议提供信息，以及促进环境正义和土著社区的能力，可以澄清价值观在监管科学中的合法作用。
BACKGROUND: Over the last several decades, scientists and social groups have frequently raised concerns about politicization or political interference in regulatory science. Public actors (environmentalists and industry advocates, politically aligned public figures, scientists and political commentators. in the United States as well as in other countries) across major political-regulatory controversies have expressed concerns about the inappropriate politicization of science. Although we share concerns about the politicization of science, they are frequently framed in terms of an ideal of value-free science, according to which political and economic values have no legitimate role to play in science. For several decades, work in philosophy of science has identified serious conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal.OBJECTIVES: Our objectives are to discuss the literature regarding the conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal and offer a constructive alternative to the value-free ideal.DISCUSSION: We first discuss the prevalence of the value-free ideal in regulatory science, then argue that this ideal is self-undermining and has been exploited to delay protective regulation. To offer a constructive alternative, we analyze the relationship between the goals of regulatory science and the standards of good scientific activity. This analysis raises questions about the relationship between methodological and practical standards for good science, tensions among various important social goods, and tensions among various social interests. We argue that the aims of regulatory science help to legitimize value-laden choices regarding research methods and study designs. Finally, we discuss how public deliberation, adaptive management, and community-based participatory research can be used to improve the legitimacy of scientists as representatives of the general public on issues of environmental knowledge.CONCLUSIONS: Reflecting on the aims of regulatory science-such as protecting human health and the environment, informing democratic deliberation, and promoting the capacities of environmental justice and Indigenous communities-can clarify when values have legitimate roles in regulatory science.