Exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes and disinfection byproducts
Exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of adverse pregnancy outcomes and disinfection byproducts
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500345
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nimrod, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
King, WD;Dodds, L;Nimrod, C
在研究饮用水中消毒副产物与妊娠结局之间关系的研究中，一个主要挑战是准确表示受试者的暴露程度。我们使用家庭用水样本和用水行为问卷信息来研究暴露评估的几个方面：(i)特定消毒副产物的分布和相关性，（ii）副产物水平的空间分布系统和时间变化，以及（iii）个人用水行为的贡献。测定了安大略省东部和新斯科舍省360个家庭水样中特定三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）的含量。研究对象接受了关于自来水摄入、淋浴和沐浴习惯的访谈。在这两个省，总THMs与氯仿高度相关（相关系数(r) >.95），与总HAAs相关性较低（新斯科舍省r = 0.74，安大略省r = 0.52）。总THMs与溴二氯甲烷的相关性在新斯科舍省较高（r = 0.63），在安大略省较低（r = 0.26）。个体家庭样本的THM水平与多个分布系统样本同一时间段的THM水平的相关性为0.63，而同一地点相隔1年的样本THM水平的相关性更高（r = 0.87）。家庭THM水平与包括摄入、淋浴和沐浴行为在内的总暴露量之间的相关性为0.73。这些结果表明：测量不同种类的副产品的重要性；住户抽样而非分配系统抽样；并且，在消毒副产物和不良妊娠结局的流行病学研究中纳入受试者行为暴露评估。
A major challenge in studies that examine the association between disinfection byproducts in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes is the accurate representation of a subject's exposure. We used household water samples and questionnaire information on water-use behavior to examine several aspects of exposure assessment: (i) the distribution and correlation of specific disinfection byproducts, (ii) spatial distribution system and temporal variation in byproduct levels, and (iii) the contribution of individual water-use behavior. The level of specific trihalomethanes ( THMs) and haloacetic acids ( HAAs) was determined for 360 household water samples in Eastern Ontario and Nova Scotia. Subjects were interviewed regarding tap water ingestion and showering and bathing practices. In both provinces, total THMs correlated highly with chloroform ( correlation coefficient ( r) > 0.95) and less so with total HAAs ( r = 0.74 in Nova Scotia and r = 0.52 in Ontario). The correlation between total THMs and bromodichloromethane was high in Nova Scotia ( r = 0.63), but low in Ontario ( r = 0.26). The correlation was between THM level in individual household samples, and the mean THM level during the same time period from several distribution system samples was 0.63, while a higher correlation in THM level was observed for samples taken at the same location 1 year apart ( r = 0.87). A correlation of 0.73 was found between household THM level and a total exposure measure incorporating ingestion, showering, and bathing behaviors. These results point to the importance of: measurement of different classes of byproducts; household rather than distribution system sampling; and, incorporation of subject behaviors in exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of disinfection byproducts and adverse pregnancy outcomes.