‘America’ as desire and violence: Americanization in postwar Japan and Asia during the Cold War
‘America’ as desire and violence: Americanization in postwar Japan and Asia during the Cold War
复制标题
作为欲望和暴力的“美国”：战后日本和冷战期间亚洲的美国化
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Buist
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shun'ya Yoshimi;D. Buist
东亚的“美国”自我 自第二次世界大战结束以来，“美国”对于东亚人民的日常用语意味着什么？它对当今的我们确实意味着什么？难道不能从全面的地区视角，除了军事和政治经济方面之外，考虑到人们的日常意识和文化水平来审视特别是在冷战时期建立起来的与美国的关系吗？至少对于日本、韩国、台湾、菲律宾、越南和印度尼西亚等国家而言，“美国”拥有独特的强大而重要的影响力，这是它在任何其他地区所没有的，无论是南亚、西亚、欧洲还是南美洲。大多数环太平洋国家都曾被日本临时或长期军事占领。此后，它们已被纳入美国的势力范围，成为美国军事和跨国公司活动的基地。从美国冷战战略来看，从日本到印度尼西亚的环太平洋地区无疑为亚洲霸权的确立形成了连续的空间。审视这一地区人们的日常意识和文化习俗，是否也能发现“美国”同样独特的存在？是否也存在空间连续性，即整个地区对“美国”的文化反应相似？尽管对如此广泛和复杂的现象进行研究显然很重要，但直到最近才尝试从日常意识和文化的角度研究“美国”在整个地区范围内的意义，同时也考虑到政治和军事问题。最近开始了一些涉及美国和整个东亚地区的国际政治关系和战略的工作。然而，此类工作在很大程度上仍局限于狭义的政治。在日常文化政治的更广泛意义上分析国际政治关系还做得很少。例如，尽管许多评论家已将这一问题作为一个有趣的研究课题，但尚未就美国军事基地对日本、韩国、台湾和菲律宾的城市音乐文化和性的影响进行协调一致的国际比较研究。每当将战后美国文化对亚洲的影响作为研究课题时，几乎总是局限于单一国家的民族视角。为了说明我的观点，让我们考虑一下 20 世纪 80 年代初在日本出版的一本名为《美国文化》的三卷本词典形式的出版物。这是一次非常有价值的尝试，从不同的角度审视二战结束以来“美国”如何渗透到日本的文化和习俗中。它将战后直到20世纪70年代分为三个时期。第一个时期，从1945年到1960年，被称为“对美国的爱/恨时期”。这是一个充满战时不安情绪的时代
The self as ‘America’ in east Asia What has ‘America’ meant in everyday terms for the people of East Asia since the end of the Second World War? What indeed does it continue to mean for us in the present day? Would it not be possible to review the relationship with America, built up especially during the period of the Cold War from a comprehensive regional perspective, taking into account the level of people’s everyday consciousness and culture besides military and politico-economic aspects? At least as concerns such countries as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia, ‘America’ has had a uniquely strong and significant presence, which it has not had in quite the same way in any other region, whether South Asia, West Asia, Europe or South America. Most of these countries of the Pacific Rim were once under either temporary or long-term Japanese military occupation. They have since been incorporated into the American sphere of influence as bases for the activity of the American military and multinational corporations. As seen from the perspective of American Cold-War strategy, there can be no doubt that the Pacific Rim area, extending from Japan to Indonesia, formed a continuous space for the establishment of hegemony in Asia. Looking at the everyday consciousness and cultural practices among the people living in this region, does one find a similarly distinctive presence of ‘America’? Is there also a spatial continuity whereby the cultural responses to ‘America’ are similar throughout the region? Despite the evident importance of research on such a wide-ranging and complex phenomenon, hardly any attempt has been made until very recently to study the significance of ‘America’ in a region-wide context from the perspective of everyday consciousness and culture while also considering political and military issues. Some work has recently begun on international political relations and strategies involving America and the East Asian region as a whole. However, such work remains largely restricted to politics in the narrow sense. Very little has yet been done in order to analyse international political relations in the broader sense of the politics of everyday culture. For example, no concerted international comparative research has yet been undertaken on the influence of American military bases on urban musical culture and sexuality in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines, despite the fact that this issue has been proposed as an interesting research topic by a number of commentators. Whenever the influence of postwar American culture in Asia has been adopted as a research topic, it has almost always been confined within the national perspective of a single country. To illustrate my point, let us consider a three-volume publication in dictionary form published in Japan at the beginning of the 1980s with the title ‘American Culture’. This was a very valuable attempt to examine from various perspectives how ‘America’ had penetrated into Japanese culture and customs since the end of the Second World War. It divides the postwar era until the 1970s into three periods. The first period, from 1945 to 1960, is called the ‘Period of Love/Hate towards America’. This was an age in which the wartime feeling of unease