Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking "light" cigarettes
Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking "light" cigarettes
复制标题
DOI：
10.1542/peds.2004-0893
复制
发表时间：
2004-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Halpern-Felsher, BL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kropp, RY;Halpern-Felsher, BL
背景。烟草业将淡味卷烟宣传为一种更健康的吸烟选择、一种安全的戒烟替代品以及完全戒烟的第一步。然而，研究未能表明，与经常吸烟相比，使用淡味香烟可降低与吸烟相关的健康风险，提高戒烟率，减少一氧化碳或焦油释放量，或降低与吸烟相关的心血管疾病或肺癌的发病率。尽管如此，美国一半以上的青少年吸烟者吸淡味卷烟。这项研究首次调查青少年对吸淡味香烟相关风险的认知，以及与普通香烟相比，青少年对焦油和尼古丁的传递、健康风险、社会影响、成瘾潜力以及戒烟难易程度的态度和知识。参与者为 267 名青少年（平均年龄：14.0 岁），他们在课堂上填写了一份自填问卷。在阅读了他们想象自己吸普通香烟或淡味香烟的场景后，参与者估计了他们个人经历 7 种与吸烟相关的健康风险和 3 种成瘾风险的可能性。参与者还回答了 14 项有关他们对淡味卷烟与普通卷烟的态度和知识的项目。结果。参与者认为，与吸普通香烟相比，吸淡味香烟的人在余生中患肺癌、心脏病、死于与吸烟相关的疾病、咳嗽厉害、呼吸困难和出现皱纹的可能性显着降低。此外，当参与者被问到对两种香烟上瘾需要多长时间时，他们认为与普通香烟相比，对淡味香烟上瘾需要更长的时间。青少年还认为，与普通香烟相比，淡味香烟戒烟的机会更高。同样，当参与者被问及戒掉这两种香烟有多容易时，他们认为戒掉淡味香烟比戒普通香烟要容易得多。青少年同意或强烈同意普通卷烟比淡味卷烟释放更多的焦油，而淡味卷烟比普通卷烟释放的尼古丁更少。结论。总体而言，这项研究的结果表明，青少年对个人风险估计以及对与淡味卷烟相关的健康风险、成瘾特性和戒烟难易程度的总体态度都存在误解。市场上有各种各样的淡味和超淡味香烟，导致青少年在决定吸哪种香烟时认为有一系列的安全级别可供选择。这种对健康结果的控制幻觉导致人们低估了与吸淡型卷烟相关的风险，并助长了这些误解。这些结果令人担忧，因为有证据表明，如果青少年认为自己不太容易受到吸烟相关的健康风险（即肺癌）的影响，那么他们就更有可能开始吸烟。此外，有证据表明，青少年并不完全意识到香烟的成瘾性，因此认为他们可以在青春期尝试吸烟，而不会上瘾或经历任何健康后果。这里提供的数据支持了对吸烟成瘾的担忧；青少年可能更倾向于吸淡味香烟以延缓成瘾。如果没有有关淡味香烟的正确信息，青少年就无法对其吸烟行为做出明智的决定。这里提出的研究结果强烈表明，医疗保健从业者不仅需要与青少年客户讨论吸烟的总体风险，还需要讨论与吸淡味卷烟和其他烟草品种相关的具体风险，包括成瘾的可能性和长期健康后果。无论是由医疗保健从业者个人还是通过反广告活动在人群层面与青少年分享有关淡味卷烟的信息，可能会成功改变当前的误解，并最终改变青少年中淡味卷烟的吸烟模式。
Background. Light cigarettes have been marketed by the tobacco industry as being a healthier smoking choice, a safe alternative to cessation, and a first step toward quitting smoking altogether. Research, however, has failed to show a reduction in smoking-related health risks, an increase in rates of smoking cessation, a decrease in the amount of carbon monoxide or tar released, or a reduction in the rates of cardiovascular disease or lung cancer associated with light cigarette use, compared with regular cigarette use. Nevertheless, more than one-half of adolescent smokers in the United States smoke light cigarettes. This study is the first to investigate adolescents' perception of the risks associated with smoking light cigarettes, as well as adolescents' attitudes and knowledge about the delivery of tar and nicotine, health risks, social effects, addiction potential, and ease of cessation with light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes.Design. Participants were 267 adolescents ( mean age: 14.0 years) who completed a self-administered questionnaire during class time. After reading scenarios in which they imagined that they smoked regular or light cigarettes, participants estimated the chances that they would personally experience 7 smoking-related health risks and 3 addiction risks. Participants also responded to 14 items concerning their attitudes and knowledge about light cigarettes versus regular cigarettes.Results. Participants thought that they would be significantly less likely to get lung cancer, have a heart attack, die from a smoking-related disease, get a bad cough, have trouble breathing, and get wrinkles when smoking light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes, for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, when participants were asked how long it would take to become addicted to the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would take significantly longer to become addicted to light versus regular cigarettes. Adolescents also thought that their chances of being able to quit smoking were higher with light versus regular cigarettes. Similarly, when participants were asked how easy it would be to quit smoking the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would be significantly easier for them to quit smoking light cigarettes than regular cigarettes. Adolescents agreed or strongly agreed that regular cigarettes deliver more tar than light cigarettes and that light cigarettes deliver less nicotine than regular cigarettes.Conclusions. Overall, the results of this study show that adolescents hold misperceptions in both their personal risk estimates and their general attitudes about the health risks, addictive properties, and ease of cessation associated with light cigarettes. With a variety of light and ultralight cigarettes on the market, adolescents are led to think that there is a progression of safety levels to choose from when deciding which cigarettes to smoke. This illusion of control over health outcomes contributes to an underestimation of risks associated with smoking light cigarettes and supports these misperceptions. These results are of concern, given evidence suggesting that, if adolescents think they are less vulnerable to smoking-related health risks (ie, lung cancer), then they are more likely to initiate smoking. Furthermore, there is evidence that adolescents are not fully aware of the addictive nature of cigarettes and therefore think that they can experiment with smoking during adolescence without becoming addicted or experiencing any health consequences. The data presented here support concerns regarding smoking addiction; adolescents might be even more inclined to smoke light cigarettes to delay addiction. Without correct information about light cigarettes, adolescents are unable to make informed decisions about their smoking behaviors. The findings presented here strongly suggest that health care practitioners need to talk to their adolescent clients not only about the overall risks of smoking but also about the specific risks associated with smoking light cigarettes and other tobacco varieties, including the potential for addiction and long-term health consequences. Information shared with adolescents about light cigarettes, both individually by health care practitioners and at the population level via counter-advertising campaigns, may be successful in changing current misperceptions, and ultimately light cigarette smoking patterns, among youth.