Embryonic Development of the Avian Sternum and Its Morphological Adaptations for Optimizing Locomotion
Embryonic Development of the Avian Sternum and Its Morphological Adaptations for Optimizing Locomotion
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DOI：
10.3390/d13100481
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Eleanor M. Feneck;S. Bickley;M. Logan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eleanor M. Feneck;S. Bickley;M. Logan
胸骨是在大多数陆生脊椎动物中发现的前肢附肢骨骼的一部分，并且已经适应了四足动物的独特运动模式。我们回顾了胸骨和前肢发育的调控机制，并讨论了可能导致无飞行鸟类胸骨适应和相关前肢程序减少的基因表达调节。在三种系统发育不同的脊椎动物谱系中，它们都进行动力飞行，胸骨的腹侧延伸部分，称为龙骨，已经独立进化，最引人注目的是在飞翔的鸟类中。然而，在不会飞的鸟类中，没有胸骨龙骨，胸骨是扁平的。我们回顾了各种物种的研究，这些研究分析了与动物在陆地、天空和水中的运动模式有关的胸骨形态的适应性。
The sternum is part of the forelimb appendicular skeleton found in most terrestrial vertebrates and has become adapted across tetrapods for distinctive modes of locomotion. We review the regulatory mechanisms underlying sternum and forelimb development and discuss the possible gene expression modulation that could be responsible for the sternal adaptations and associated reduction in the forelimb programme found in flightless birds. In three phylogenetically divergent vertebrate lineages that all undertake powered flight, a ventral extension of the sternum, named the keel, has evolved independently, most strikingly in volant birds. In flightless birds, however, the sternal keel is absent, and the sternum is flattened. We review studies in a variety of species that have analysed adaptations in sterna morphology that are related to the animal’s mode of locomotion on land, in the sky and in water.