Minority Students Severely Underrepresented in Science, Technology Engineering and Math.
Minority Students Severely Underrepresented in Science, Technology Engineering and Math.
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少数族裔学生在科学、技术、工程和数学领域的代表性严重不足。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Yvonne Reinke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Simeon P. Slovacek;Jonathan Whittinghill;S. Tucker;Kenneth Rath;A. Peterfreund;Glenn D. Kuehn;Yvonne Reinke
在美国，少数族裔学生(亚裔除外)在国家一级的科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)领域的代表性严重不足[23]、[25]、26]。总体而言，这些学生在获得本科和研究生学位方面遇到了更大的困难，通常比他们的高加索和亚洲同龄人花费更长的时间才能毕业。此外，少数民族学生进入大学的准备比非少数民族学生更少[4]，21]。国家科学基金会截至2006年在STEM领域获得博士学位的人数不足的少数族裔(URM)的数据如下图1所示。授予城市管理人员博士学位的比例远远落后于他们在美国总人口中的比例。在2006年授予的STEM博士学位中，只有8.34%授予了城市管理人员，尽管这一比例约占美国人口的28%。此外，美国政府问责局向国会提交的一份报告[36]指出，尽管全国代表性不足的少数群体的百分比从13%(1994-95年)增加到19%(2002-03年)，但在此期间，授予同一群体的STEM博士学位总数从8 335个下降到7 310个。针对少数民族在科学界长期代表性不足的问题，国家普通医学科学研究所(NIGMS)创建了少数民族研究机会(MORE)司和类似的学术干预方案。专门用于这些方案的资金数额反映了更多司解决这一问题的承诺。2007年，NIGMS的年度预算为19亿美元，其中近1.26亿美元用于其更多项目[22]。这一数额包括少数民族生物医学研究支持促进科学进步研究倡议(MBRS-RISE)计划、少数民族获得研究职业(MARC)、毕业后研究教育计划(PREP)和通往文凭毕业生的桥梁和通往博士学位的桥梁。这项研究考察了三所公立大学的大型MORE项目的组成和有效性，这些项目得到了NIH和NSF的各种来源的支持。
Minority students, Asians excepted, are severely underrepresented in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) at the national level in the United States [23], [25], 26]. Overall, these students encounter greater difficulties in obtaining undergraduate and graduate degrees [25] and typically take longer to graduate than their Caucasian and Asian peers. Furthermore, minority students enter college less prepared than non-minority students [4], 21]. Data from the National Science Foundation as of 2006 on underrepresented minorities (URMs) receiving doctorates in STEM fields is presented in Figure 1 below. The proportion of doctorates awarded to URMs lags far behind their representation in the general US population. Only 8.34% of the STEM doctorates awarded in 2006 were given to URMs, despite making up approximately 28% of the US population. Furthermore, a report to Congress by the United States Government Accountability Office [36] noted that while the percentage of underrepresented minorities nationwide increased from 13% (1994-95) to 19% (2002-03), the total number of STEM doctorates awarded to the same group dropped during this period from 8,335 to 7,310. In response to the chronic under-representation of minorities in the sciences, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) created the Minority Opportunities in Research (MORE) Division and similar academic intervention programs. The amount of funds dedicated to these programs reflects the commitment of the MORE Division in addressing this problem. In 2007, NIGMS’ annual budget was $1.9 billion, of which nearly $126 million was spent on its MORE programs [22]. This amount includes the Minority Biomedical Research SupportResearch Initiative for Scientific Enhancement (MBRS-RISE) program, the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC), Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), and the Bridges to the Baccalaureate and Bridges to the PhD programs. The present study examined the components and the effectiveness of large MORE programs at three public universities which have been supported by a variety of NIH and NSF sources.
影响因子：
16.4
作者：
Steele, CM
通讯作者：
Steele, CM