It Is Time to Develop Sustainable Management of Agricultural Sulfur
It Is Time to Develop Sustainable Management of Agricultural Sulfur
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DOI：
10.1029/2023ef003723
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发表时间：
2023-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jacqueline R. Gerson;Eve‐Lyn S. Hinckley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jacqueline R. Gerson;Eve‐Lyn S. Hinckley
在全球范围内，向农田施用硫磺(S)导致S的投入往往超过历史大气沉降量。硫作为肥料、杀菌剂、土壤改良剂、pH调节剂和其他元素的载体应用于农作物。然而，土壤和水生态系统中过量的S可能会产生有害的生态和生物地球化学后果，包括土壤盐基阳离子枯竭、地表水酸化、硫化氢毒性和甲基汞产量增加。S对农作物的好处和对环境的影响与氮和磷的二分法相似；然而，还没有把重点放在制定可持续的S农业管理计划上。我们回顾了当前关于S在农业系统中循环的文献，并提出了减少S投入、损失和生态后果的解决方案，包括田间应用有机肥、适应精准农业和实施总最大日负荷。我们提出了技术创新的机会，包括通过遥感图像分析来确定S缺乏和胁迫的位置和时间，通过作物转基因来降低对S的要求，给植物接种丛枝菌根真菌以提高植物对S的获取，以及修复湿地和其他高S负荷的缺氧环境。最后，我们提出了S生物地球化学有待进一步研究的领域。
Globally, sulfur (S) applications to croplands result in S inputs that often exceed historical atmospheric deposition. Sulfur is applied to crops as a fertilizer, fungicide, soil conditioner, pH regulator, and carrier for other elements. However, excess S in soils and aquatic ecosystems can have detrimental ecological and biogeochemical consequences, including soil base cation depletion, surface water acidification, hydrogen sulfide toxicity, and increased production of methyl mercury. The dichotomy between S benefits to crops and environmental consequences parallels that of nitrogen and phosphorus; however, there has not yet been a focus on developing sustainable S management plans in agriculture. We review the current literature on S cycling in agricultural systems and propose solutions that reduce S inputs, losses, and ecological consequences, including field applications of organic matter, adaptation of precision agriculture, and implementation of total maximum daily loads. We suggest opportunities for technological innovation, including analysis of remote sensing imagery to identify location and timing of S deficiencies and stresses, crop genetic modification to reduce S requirements, inoculation of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance plant S acquisition, and remediation of wetlands and other anoxic environments with high S loads. We conclude with areas for continued research on S biogeochemistry.