TRANSPORT OF DIATOM AND DINOFLAGELLATE RESTING SPORES IN SHIPS BALLAST WATER - IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANKTON BIOGEOGRAPHY AND AQUACULTURE
TRANSPORT OF DIATOM AND DINOFLAGELLATE RESTING SPORES IN SHIPS BALLAST WATER - IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANKTON BIOGEOGRAPHY AND AQUACULTURE
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DOI：
10.1093/plankt/14.8.1067
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发表时间：
1992-08-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
BOLCH, CJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HALLEGRAEFF, GM;BOLCH, CJ
非某一区域特有的硅藻和甲藻物种可能在其耐休眠阶段随散装货船的压载舱沃茨和沉积物排放时被无意中引入。一项对进入澳大利亚18个港口的343艘货船的调查显示，65%的船只在压载舱底部携带了大量沉积物。所有这些样本都含有硅藻，包括不是澳大利亚沃茨特有的物种。硅藻休眠孢子，特别是角毛藻，也被检测到。甲藻休眠孢子（孢囊）存在于50%的沉积物样品。在已鉴定的53种孢囊中，有20种（包括Diplopelta、Diplopsalopsis、Gonyaulax、Polykrikos、Protoperidinium、Scrippsiella和Zygabikodinium spp.）成功地发芽产生了有活力的培养物。船舶压载水中硅藻和甲藻物种的这种多样性表明，许多沿海浮游植物物种的明显的“世界性”可能部分是由于海水压载的全球运输。令人相当关切的是，在16艘船上发现了有毒的甲藻链状亚历山大藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和链状裸甲藻的包囊。据估计，一个压载舱含有超过3亿个活的塔玛阿氏藻孢囊，其中一些在实验室中成功发芽，产生有毒培养物。这些有毒甲藻物种可使麻痹性贝类毒素污染贝类，对人类健康和水产养殖业构成严重威胁。压载水检疫措施最近在澳大利亚推出的讨论。在海洋中部交换压载水，只是部分有效地消除甲藻孢囊已解决的压载舱底部。目前的工作表明，防止有毒甲藻孢囊通过船舶压载水传播的最有效措施是避免在世界港口水柱中甲藻水华期间使用压载水。
Diatom and dinoflagellate species that are not endemic to a region can be inadvertently introduced when their resistant resting stages are discharged with the ballast-tank waters and sediments of bulk cargo vessels. A survey of 343 cargo vessels entering 18 Australian ports showed that 65% of ships were carrying significant amounts of sediment on the bottom of their ballast tanks. All of these samples contained diatoms, including species that are not endemic to Australian waters. Diatom resting spores, especially of Chaetoceros, were also detected. Dinoflagellate resting spores (cysts) were present in 50% of the sediment samples. Of the 53 cyst species identified, 20 (including Diplopelta, Diplopsalopsis, Gonyaulax, Polykrikos, Protoperidinium, Scrippsiella and Zygabikodinium spp.) were successfully germinated to produce viable cultures. Such diversity of diatom and dinoflagellate species in ships' ballast water suggests that the apparent 'cosmopolitanism' of many coastal phytoplankton species may be due partly to the global transport of seawater ballast. Of considerable concern was the detection in 16 ships of cysts of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum. One single ballast tank was estimated to contain >300 million viable A.tamarense cysts, some of which were successfully germinated in the laboratory to produce toxic cultures. These toxic dinoflagellate species, which can contaminate shellfish with paralytic shellfish poisons, pose a serious threat to human health and the aquaculture industry. Ballast-water quarantine measures recently introduced in Australia are discussed. Mid-ocean exchange of ballast water is only partially effective in removing dinoflagellate cysts which have settled to the bottom of ballast tanks. The present work indicates that the most effective measure to prevent the spreading of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships' ballast water would be to avoid taking on ballast water during dinoflagellate blooms in the water column of the world's ports.