Child development: Vulnerability and resilience
Child development: Vulnerability and resilience
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DOI：
10.1016/0277-9536(96)00110-4
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发表时间：
1996-09-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Menon, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Engle, PL;Castle, S;Menon, P
儿童现在面临的许多挑战是时代变化的结果，包括城市化进程的加快、政治暴力、家庭形式的变化以及某些地区充足食物供应的减少。本次审查特别关注那些以儿童为受害者并给他们带来新威胁的变化，而不是儿童残疾或精神疾病等问题。本文关注的结果变量是儿童社会心理发展的维度，包括认知发展、心理调整和攻击性，而本期的配套论文（Caldwell P.，《儿童生存：欧洲过去和当代第三世界逆境中的脆弱性和复原力》，科学医学科）[1] 重点关注儿童发展的身体方面。幼儿成长过程中的障碍风险从受孕开始一直持续到以后的生活。解决所有这些问题是不可能的。因此，为了公正地处理当前的问题，我们选择了我们认为对发展中国家儿童社会心理发展至关重要的风险。因此，本文将讨论风险和复原力的概念，然后将这些概念应用于分析当今儿童面临的三个风险示例：营养威胁（例如，母乳喂养下降导致的营养不良）；家庭动态和家庭形式类型（例如儿童寄养家庭和非传统家庭）；以及暴力经历（家庭或政治）。在每种情况下，都会解决同样的四个问题：风险因素对儿童的后果是什么，风险的病因和条件是什么，是否有任何儿童似乎成功应对了风险因素，有哪些保护性因素，以及哪些干预措施或计划可以帮助支持这些儿童？版权所有 (C) 1996 爱思唯尔科学有限公司
Many of the challenges facing children now are a function of changing times, including increase in urbanization, political violence, changing family forms, and in some areas decreased supplies of adequate food. This review focuses particularly on those changes in which children are the victims and which induce new threats for them, rather than on problems such as child disability or mental illness. The outcome variables of interest in this paper are dimensions of children's psychosocial development, including cognitive development, psychological adjustment and aggression, whereas the companion paper in this issue (Caldwell P., Child survival: vulnerability and resilience in adversity in the European past and the contemporary Third World, Sec. Sci. Med.) [1] focuses on physical aspects of children's development. The risks that are hurdles in the process of development of a young child begin from conception and carry on into later life. To address them all would be impossible; thus, in order to do justice to the issues at hand, we have chosen those risks that, in our view, are important in a child's psychosocial development in developing countries. This paper will thus provide a discussion of the concepts of risk and resilience, then apply these concepts to the analysis of three examples of risk faced by children today: nutritional threats (e.g. malnutrition due to decline in breastfeeding); family dynamics and types of family forms (e.g. child fostering and non-traditional families); and experiences of violence (domestic or political). In each case, the same four questions will be addressed: what are the consequences of the risk factor for children, what are the etiologies and conditions of risk, are there any children who seem to cope with the risk Factor successfully and what are some of the protective factors, and what interventions or programs would help support these children? Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.