GFDL's ESM2 Global Coupled Climate-Carbon Earth System Models. Part II: Carbon System Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics
GFDL's ESM2 Global Coupled Climate-Carbon Earth System Models. Part II: Carbon System Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics
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DOI：
10.1175/jcli-d-12-00150.1
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发表时间：
2013-04-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Zadeh, Niki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dunne, John P.;John, Jasmin G.;Zadeh, Niki
介绍了两个新的全球碳-气候耦合地球系统模式（ESM 2 M和ESM 2G）的碳系统表述和模拟特点。这些模型表现出良好的气候保真度，如本研究第一部分所述，同时纳入明确和一致的碳动态。这两个模式的区别几乎完全在于物理海洋部分; ESM 2 M使用模块化海洋模式4.1版，带有垂直压力层，而ESM 2G使用广义海洋层动力学，带有大量混合层和内部等密度层。在陆地上，两个ESM都包括一个修订的陆地模型，以模拟竞争性植被分布和功能，包括植被，土壤和大气之间的碳循环。在海洋中，这两个模型包括新的生物化学算法，包括浮游植物功能群动态灵活的化学计量。前工业模拟旋转起来，以提供稳定，现实的碳循环手段和可变性。这两个模型的仿真特性的显着差异进行了说明。由于海洋通风率的差异，ESM 2 M有一个更强的生物碳泵，但较弱的向北隐含的大气CO2传输比ESM 2G。与ESM 2 M相比，ESM 2G的主要优势是更好地代表大西洋和印度洋的表面叶绿素以及北太平洋的温跃层营养物质和氧气。改进的树木死亡率参数在ESM 2G产生更真实的碳积累在植被池。与ESM 2G相比，ESM 2 M的主要优势是减少了南部和热带海洋的营养和氧气偏差。
The authors describe carbon system formulation and simulation characteristics of two new global coupled carbon-climate Earth System Models (ESM), ESM2M and ESM2G. These models demonstrate good climate fidelity as described in part I of this study while incorporating explicit and consistent carbon dynamics. The two models differ almost exclusively in the physical ocean component; ESM2M uses the Modular Ocean Model version 4.1 with vertical pressure layers, whereas ESM2G uses generalized ocean layer dynamics with a bulk mixed layer and interior isopycnal layers. On land, both ESMs include a revised land model to simulate competitive vegetation distributions and functioning, including carbon cycling among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere. In the ocean, both models include new biogeochemical algorithms including phytoplankton functional group dynamics with flexible stoichiometry. Preindustrial simulations are spun up to give stable, realistic carbon cycle means and variability. Significant differences in simulation characteristics of these two models are described. Because of differences in oceanic ventilation rates, ESM2M has a stronger biological carbon pump but weaker northward implied atmospheric CO2 transport than ESM2G. The major advantages of ESM2G over ESM2M are improved representation of surface chlorophyll in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and thermocline nutrients and oxygen in the North Pacific. Improved tree mortality parameters in ESM2G produced more realistic carbon accumulation in vegetation pools. The major advantages of ESM2M over ESM2G are reduced nutrient and oxygen biases in the southern and tropical oceans.