A Theory of Political Districting
A Theory of Political Districting
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政治区划理论
DOI：
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发表时间：
1978
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
J. Deegan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Niemi;J. Deegan
公平的选区划分要求的不仅仅是紧凑、相邻的同等大小的选区；也就是说，几组选区也应该具有某些特征。具体地说，他们应该是中立的(对所有政党一视同仁)，并对选票的变化做出反应。为了确定可以在多大程度上实现这些目标，我们对中立的概念给出了准确的定义，并将响应性的概念扩展为三个特征：选区划分计划对其作出响应的实际选票的范围；在“正常选票”附近的响应性程度(即竞争力)；以及在一系列选票上的摇摆比率(即选票变化产生席位变化的比率)的稳定性。我们表明，尽管当单独考虑时，这些特征的所有可能的值都是容易获得的，但某些值的组合是不能实现的。最后，我们确定了所需妥协的性质和妥协所具有的性质，并展示了导致合理公平的选区规划的各种权衡。
Fair districting requires more than compact, contiguous equal-sized districts; namely, sets of districts should also possess certain features. Specifically, they should be neutral (treat all parties alike) and responsive to changes in votes. In order to establish the extent to which these goals can be achieved, we give a precise definition to the concept of neutrality and expand the notion of responsiveness into three characteristics: the range in actual votes over which a districting plan is responsive; the degree of responsiveness in the vicinity of the “normal vote” (i.e., competitiveness); and the constancy of the swing ratio (i.e., the rate at which vote changes yield seat changes) over a range of votes. We show that while all possible values for these features are readily attainable when considered individually, certain combinations of values cannot be achieved. Finally, we identify the nature of the compromises required and the properties that the compromises possess, and show the kinds of trade-offs that result in reasonably fair districting plans.