Timing and the transition between modes in the defensive behavior system
Timing and the transition between modes in the defensive behavior system
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DOI：
10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103890
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Zhuravka, Irina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fanselow, Michael S.;Hoffman, Ann N.;Zhuravka, Irina
反捕食者防御的组织方式反映了Timberlake的进食行为系统，因为防御的目标是阻止捕食行为。每种捕食模式都有相应的反捕食模式。与食欲行为系统一样，防御行为系统也是围绕着沿着时空连续体的不同模式组织起来的，我们称之为掠夺紧迫连续体。行为系统理论指导对导致模式之间转换的因素的研究。在喂养和性系统中，条件刺激（CS）和无条件刺激（US）之间的时间;例如，CS-US间期或CS持续时间）是一个重要因素。短CS会引发更多终端模式的条件反应（CR），而长CS会引发属于初始模式的CR。因此，我们问，如果短的CS（10秒）会引起CR一样的激烈活动爆发和逃避样的反应特征的终端模式的掠夺紧迫性连续（Circa-Strike行为）。此外，通过类比的食欲系统，长CS（3分钟）预测有利于中间模式，后遇到的行为，其特征是冻结。相反，我们发现，两个CS产生冻结，但没有活动突发CR和冻结实际上是更大的短CS。我们认为，行为系统之间的这种差异来自选择压力，这种压力有利于食欲系统走向终端模式，但有利于反捕食系统远离终端模式。此外，由于食欲抑制者比捕食者更有可能被重复体验，因此对时间的学习可能与防御关系不大。我们还发现，电击会产生活动爆发，并认为当你处于遭遇后模式（冻结）时，刺激的突然变化会导致立即过渡到循环罢工（终端）行为。
Antipredator defense is organized in a way that mirrors Timberlake's feeding behavior system because the goal of defense is to thwart predatory behavior. Each predatory mode has a corresponding antipredator mode. Like appetitive behavior systems, the defensive behavior system is organized around distinct modes along a spatiotemporal continuum we call the predatory imminence continuum. Behavior systems theory directs investigation toward the factors that lead to transitions between modes. In the feeding and sex systems the time between Conditional Stimulus (CS) and Unconditional Stimulus (US; e.g., CS-US interval or CS duration) is an important factor. Short CSs elicit conditional responses (CR) characteristic of more terminal modes and long CSs provoke CRs belonging to initial modes. Therefore, we asked if short CSs (10 s) would provoke CRs like the vigorous activity bursts and escape-like responses characteristic of the terminal mode of the predatory imminence continuum (Circa-Strike Behavior). Also, via analogy to appetitive systems, long CSs (3 min) were predicted to favor the intermediate mode, post-encounter behavior, which is characterized by freezing. Instead we found that both CSs produced freezing but not activity burst CRs and that freezing was actually greater with the short CS. We suggest that this difference between behavior systems flows from selection pressure that favors moving toward terminal modes in appetitive systems but away from terminal modes in the antipredator system. In addition, since appetitive reinforcers are more likely to be repeatedly experienced than predators, the learning of timing may be less relevant to defense. We also found that shock produced activity bursts and argue that when you are in the post-encounter mode (freezing) a sudden change in stimulation causes an immediate transition to circa-strike (terminal) behavior.