Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds.
Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds.
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1444-2906.2002.00418.x
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发表时间：
2002-04
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Takeshi Watanabe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Takeshi Watanabe
迄今为止，水产饲料严重依赖鱼粉和鱼油作为其蛋白质和脂质的来源。然而，由于野生捕捞的鱼类数量减少，以及人类对目前用于鱼粉和鱼油生产的某些物种的需求增加，饲料行业正面临这些成分供应不足的问题。因此，世界各地正在努力寻找替代的优质成分，理想情况下，这些成分价格较低，易于在实际饮食中使用。积累的数据表明，很大一部分鱼粉和鱼油可以被其他蛋白质和脂质来源所取代。然而，需要强调的是，当结合经济的蛋白质和脂质成分时，应保持最佳的必需氨基酸平衡，并满足n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸的需求。新开发的饲料应以营养密集为目标，以减少固体、P和N废物的产生。这可以通过改善营养物质的可用性，优化饮食中可消化蛋白质与能量的平衡，以及用替代成分取代膳食鱼粉来实现。这些饲料还应通过增强免疫反应有效地保持鱼类的良好健康和提高抗病能力。一个有益的养鱼方法是使用适当的饲养标准，不仅旨在提高经济回报，而且旨在发展可持续水产养殖和更清洁环境的持久共存。此外，在世纪，水产养殖仍将保持其作为食物蛋白质的主要来源的地位，这表明鱼类饲料研究仍然是为该行业发现更好饲料的有力领域。
: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry.