Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology
Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01665-7
复制
发表时间：
2002-11-15
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Grillon, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grillon, C
本文旨在回顾惊吓反射方法对人类焦虑的研究，并应用大鼠情境条件反射的相关文献对研究结果进行解释。线索恐惧（如特定恐惧症）是对明确威胁线索的阶段性反应，而焦虑是一种更持久、面向未来的反应，与特定的离散线索无关。实验表明，情境恐惧，与暗示恐惧相反，可能最好地反映了对未来潜在危险的厌恶预期，这是焦虑的特征。在简要描述暗示恐惧和情境条件反射的神经生物学之后，证据显示焦虑患者对威胁情境过于敏感。然后有人认为，威胁引发情境恐惧的程度取决于危险是可预测的还是不可预测的。与动物数据一致，与可预测的冲击相比，人类不可预测的冲击会导致更大的环境条件反射。由于条件反射促进了可预测性，因此建议使用条件反射程序来研究适当和不适当厌恶期望的发展。线索恐惧学习被视为一种适应过程，通过这种过程，无差别的恐惧变成了线索特异性的恐惧。提示恐惧学习的缺陷导致非适应性厌恶预期的发展和对广义威胁的注意偏见。由于缺乏对威胁的提示，生物体无法识别危险和安全的时期，并长期处于焦虑状态。讨论了可能影响条件反射的因素。(C) 2002年生物精神病学学会。
The aim of this article is to review studies on human anxiety using the startle reflex methodology and to apply the literature on context conditioning in rats to interpret the results. A distinction is made between cued fear (as in specific phobia), a phasic response to an explicit threat cue, and anxiety, a more sustained and future-oriented response not linked to a specific discrete cue. Experimentally, contextual fear, as opposed to cued fear, may best reflect the feeling of aversive expectation about potential future dangers that characterizes anxiety. Following a brief description of the neurobiology of cued fear and context conditioning, evidence is presented showing that anxious patients are overly sensitive to threatening contexts. It is then argued that the degree to which contextual fear is prompted by threat depends on whether the danger is predictable or unpredictable. Consistent with animal data, unpredictable shocks in humans result in greater context conditioning compared to predictable shocks. Because conditioning promotes predictability, it is proposed to use conditioning procedures to study the development of appropriate and inappropriate aversive expectations. Cued fear learning is seen as an adaptive process by which undifferentiated fear becomes cue-specific. Deficits in cued fear learning lead to the development of nonadaptive aversive expectancies and an attentional bias toward generalized threat. Lacking a cue for threat, the organism cannot identify periods of danger and safety and remains in a chronic state of anxiety. Factors that may affect conditioning are discussed. (C) 2002 Society of Biological Psychiatry.