Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: Uncomfortable bedfellows
Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: Uncomfortable bedfellows
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DOI：
10.1080/027249897391946
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发表时间：
1997-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bishop, DVM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bishop, DVM
认知神经心理学提供了一种理论框架和方法，对研究发育障碍很有价值，但这种方法中心的“分离”逻辑并不能很好地适应发展背景。这是通过具体的语言障碍的例子来说明的。在发展中的语言系统中，有充分的证据表明不同级别的表示之间存在相互作用，在发展过程中出现了模块化。这意味着，人们通常是在寻求解释一种复杂的相关损害模式，而不是高度选择性的缺陷。例如，听觉处理的选择性障碍可能会通过语言系统产生影响，并可能导致明显的句法缺陷，在书面语言和口语中都可以看到。表示的性质和发展中系统各组成部分之间关系的变化意味着，发展中某一点的横截面数据可能是基本赤字的误导性指标。此外，传统的认知神经心理学过分强调表征(能力)缺陷，而相对忽视了加工(表现)缺陷。讨论了区分这两种损伤的方法，以及阐明发育障碍潜在性质的其他方法。
Cognitive neuropsychology provides a theoretical framework and methods that can be of value in the study of developmental disorders, but the "dissociation" logic at the centre of this approach is not well suited to the developmental context. This is illustrated with examples from specific language impairment. Within the developing language system there is ample evidence for interaction between levels of representation, with modularity emerging in the course of development. This means that one typically is seeking to explain a complex pattern of associated impairments, rather than highly selective deficits. For instance, a selective impairment in auditory processing can have repercussions through the language system and may lead to distinctive syntactic deficits that are seen in written as well as spoken language. Changes in the nature of representations and in the relationships between components of a developing system mean that cross-sectional data at a single point in development may be misleading indicators of the primary deficit. Furthermore, traditional cognitive neuropsychology places a disproportionate emphasis on representational (competence) deficits, with processing (performance) deficits being relatively neglected. Methods for distinguishing these two kinds of impairment are discussed, as well as other approaches for elucidating the underlying nature of developmental disorders.