Brazil's conservation reform and the reduction of deforestation in Amazonia
Brazil's conservation reform and the reduction of deforestation in Amazonia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105072
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
Fearnside, Philip M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
West, Thales A. P.;Fearnside, Philip M.
2004年启动的《预防和控制法律的亚马逊地区毁林行动计划》推动了巴西的大规模保护改革。迄今为止，该计划经历了四个不同的阶段：第一阶段（2004-2008年）、第二阶段（2009-2011年）、第三阶段（2012-2015年）和第四阶段（2016-2020年）。2004年至2012年，亚马逊森林砍伐率从历史最高水平大幅下降，其中一部分（特别是2007年之后）可归因于PPCDAm，另一部分可归因于商品价格和影响农产品出口利润率的货币汇率等经济因素。2012年后，尽管采取了控制措施，但森林砍伐仍呈上升趋势。PPCDAm经历了四个阶段的演变，从而改变了亚马逊地区森林砍伐的模式。在这里，我们回顾了在PPCDAm保护伞下推广的保护工具和战略，并在可能的情况下，根据严格的反事实评估提供其对森林砍伐影响的估计。虽然文献强调了一些最知名的PPCDAm作用，例如，通过改进卫星监测、城市“黑名单”、扩大保护区、土地保有权正规化、信贷准入限制和暂停，我们强调了一些其他PPCDAm活动，这些活动沿着前面的例子，可以说也是该地区减少森林砍伐的重要原因。
The Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm), launched in 2004, promoted a drastic conservation reform in Brazil. To date, the plan has been through four distinct phases: PPCDAm-I (2004-2008), II (2009-2011), III (2012-2015), and IV (2016-2020). A substantial decline from historically high deforestation rates in the Amazon occurred from 2004 to 2012, part of which (particularly after 2007) can be attributed to the PPCDAm, and part to economic factors such as commodity prices and the currency exchange rates that affect the profitability of agricultural exports. After 2012 deforestation has trended upward despite control efforts. The PPCDAm evolved through its four phases, consequently changing the patterns of deforestation in Amazonia. Here, we review the conservation instruments and strategies promoted under the PPCDAm umbrella and, when possible, provide estimates of their impacts on deforestation based on rigorous, counterfactual evaluations. While the literature emphasizes some of the most well-known PPCDAm actions, e.g., improved satellite-based monitoring, the "blacklist" of municipalities, expansion of protected areas, land tenure regularization, credit access restrictions, and moratoria, we highlight a number of other PPCDAm activities that, along with the previous examples, are arguably also responsible for a significant share of the reduction of deforestation in the region.