Access to Population-Level Signaling as a Source of Inequality
Access to Population-Level Signaling as a Source of Inequality
复制标题
获取人口层面的信号是不平等的根源
DOI：
10.1145/3287560.3287579
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Juba Ziani
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nicole Immorlica;Katrina Ligett;Juba Ziani
我们将对群体层面信号（也称为信息设计）的差异获取认定并探究为机会获取不平等的一个根源。一个群体层面的信号发送者对群体中的每个成员可能有关于一种二元类型的含噪观测，并基于此产生关于每个成员的一个信号。一个决策者从信号中推断类型，并接受那些期望类型较高的个体。我们假设弱势群体的信号发送者向决策者揭示她的观测结果，而优势群体的信号发送者则策略性地形成信号。我们研究以被接受成员的比例来衡量的群体期望效用，以及假阳性率（FPR）和假阴性率（FNR）。我们首先展示直观的结果，即在一个固定环境中，优势群体比弱势群体具有更高的期望效用、更高的FPR和更低的FNR（尽管群体质量相同），并且更准确的观测会提高优势群体的期望效用，同时损害弱势群体的期望效用。接下来我们探究引入一个可公开观测的信号，比如一个测试分数，作为一种潜在的干预措施。我们的主要发现是，这种旨在减少群体效用之间不平等的自然干预措施，在观测和测试分数有噪声的情况下，实际上可能会加剧这种不平等。
We identify and explore differential access to population-level signaling (also known as information design) as a source of unequal access to opportunity. A population-level signaler has potentially noisy observations of a binary type for each member of a population and, based on this, produces a signal about each member. A decision-maker infers types from signals and accepts those individuals whose type is high in expectation. We assume the signaler of the disadvantaged population reveals her observations to the decision-maker, whereas the signaler of the advantaged population forms signals strategically. We study the expected utility of the populations as measured by the fraction of accepted members, as well as the false positive rates (FPR) and false negative rates (FNR). We first show the intuitive results that for a fixed environment, the advantaged population has higher expected utility, higher FPR, and lower FNR, than the disadvantaged one (despite having identical population quality), and that more accurate observations improve the expected utility of the advantaged population while harming that of the disadvantaged one. We next explore the introduction of a publicly-observable signal, such as a test score, as a potential intervention. Our main finding is that this natural intervention, intended to reduce the inequality between the populations' utilities, may actually exacerbate it in settings where observations and test scores are noisy.
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.2913916
发表时间：
2016-11
期刊：
ERN: Search
影响因子：
--
作者：
A. Kolotilin;Tymofiy Mylovanov;Andriy Zapechelnyuk;Ming Li
通讯作者：
A. Kolotilin;Tymofiy Mylovanov;Andriy Zapechelnyuk;Ming Li