Memory from Infancy to Old Age: Implications for Theories of Normal and Pathological Memory a
Memory from Infancy to Old Age: Implications for Theories of Normal and Pathological Memory a
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从婴儿期到老年的记忆：对正常记忆和病理记忆理论的启示
DOI：
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
M. Moscovitch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Moscovitch
从婴儿期到老年，记忆发生了根本性的变化。然而，在阅读有关记忆发展的文献时，人们会惊讶地发现婴儿时期的记忆与余生期间的记忆之间明显的不连续性。诚然，这可能只是婴儿记忆测试方式截然不同的结果，与成人甚至幼儿相比，婴儿没有语言，运动技能也有限，而幼儿的这些能力得到了更充分的发展。然而，尽管许多研究人员试图用一个在生命周期中容量增长或下降的单一系统来解释记忆的发展，但婴儿记忆似乎具有与幼儿记忆根本不同的特征。作为一名神经心理学学生，我对婴儿记忆和器质性遗忘症之间的相似性感到震惊。婴儿成功的记忆测试与健忘症患者的记忆测试相似，他们表现出保留的记忆能力，而婴儿失败的记忆测试则表明健忘症患者也表现出严重的记忆障碍。在一项比较婴儿和器质性遗忘症患者记忆的广泛综述中，丹·沙克特和我提出器质性遗忘症是由于婴儿期晚期发育的记忆系统受损造成的。健忘症患者保留的记忆能力取决于婴儿早期发育的记忆系统的运作，并解释了8-1-2个月前婴儿记忆特征的功能。在本文中，我将回顾沙克特和我提出的支持我们假设的论点和证据，并将我们的方法与其他发展心理学家，特别是皮亚杰和因海德的方法进行比较。然后我将考虑我们的认知发展理论方法的含义，特别是皮亚杰关于符号表征和记忆之间关系的理论。我认为符号表征的能力不足以支持晚期记忆系统的发展。我将进一步表明，反之亦然：认知和行为中符号表征的完整表达取决于婴儿期晚期记忆系统的出现。然后我将简要考虑童年和老年之间记忆发生的变化。在这里我会建议内存性能的变化不依赖于新的和不同的开发
Memory changes radically between infancy and extreme old age. Yet in reading the literature concerned with memory development one is struck by the apparent discontinuity between memory in infancy and memory during the rest of the life span. Admittedly, this may be simply a consequence of the radically different ways in which memory is tested in infants, who have no language and limited motor skills as compared to adults or even young children, in which these capacities are more fully developed. Yet, despite the attempts of many investigators to account for memory development in terms of a unitary system that grows or declines in capacity during the lifespan, it seems that infant memory has characteristics that made it fundamentally different from that of even very young children. As a student of neuropsychology, 1 was struck by the similarity between infant memory and organic amnesia. The memory tests on which infants succeeded were similar to those on which amnesic patients demonstrated preserved memory abilities, whereas those tests on which infants failed, amnesic patients also displayed a profound memory impairment. In an extensive review comparing the memory of infants and organic amnesic patients, Dan Schacter and I’ suggested that organic amnesia results from damage to a memory system that develops late in infancy. The preserved memory abilities of amnesic patients are dependent on the operation of a memory system that develops early in infancy and accounts for those functions that are characteristic of infant memory before 8-1 2 months. In this paper I will review the arguments and evidence Schacter and I presented to support our hypothesis and compare our approach with that of other developmental psychologists, particularly Piaget and Inhelder. I will then consider the implications of our approach to theories of cognitive development, in particular to Piaget’s theory on the relation between symbolic representation and memory. I will argue that the capacity for symbolic representation is not sufficient for the development of the late memory system. I will further suggest that the converse may be true: the full expression of symbolic representation in cognition and behavior is dependent on the emergence of the late memory system in infancy. I will then consider briefly the kind of changes that occur in memory between childhood and old age. Here I will suggest that the changes in memory performance do not depend on the development of new and different
DOI：
10.1037//0278-7393.10.1.164
发表时间：
1984
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
影响因子：
--
作者：
P. Graf;L. Squire;G. Mandler
通讯作者：
P. Graf;L. Squire;G. Mandler