Psychological Differentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Psychological Differentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective
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跨文化视角下的心理分化
DOI：
10.1177/002202217500600102
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发表时间：
1975
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
J. Berry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. A. Witkin;J. Berry
心理分化的跨文化研究进行审查的目的是：检查的适用性，跨文化，分化理论的主要命题和其文化内的支持数据的一般性;确定扩展的理论，其实证基础，建议的跨文化研究结果;和划定的问题，在现有的数据和有用的线进一步跨文化调查。关于自我一致性、年龄变化和稳定性的证据表明，这些方面的分化在其他文化中表现出的模式与最初的美国研究中观察到的模式基本相似。许多跨文化研究都在家庭习俗、文化影响和生态压力方面寻找个人和群体差异的根源。这些研究的证据表明，分化程度较低的功能，包括更加依赖场域的感知模式，与以下因素有关：坚持遵守成人权威、女性突出和家庭中缺乏强有力的男性榜样;“紧密”组织和强调社会中的一致性;以及定居的农业和畜牧业生态环境。与此相反，更有区别的功能，包括相对的领域独立性，与鼓励自主的家庭，“松散”的社会结构和移动的狩猎生态环境。在西方研究中反复观察到的场依存-场独立方面的小的性别差异，从青春期开始，在非西方数据中并不普遍明显。性别差异似乎是常见的样本在定居农业端的生态谱和不太明显的移动的狩猎样本。性别差异似乎在“紧张”的社会环境中比在“宽松”的社会环境中更普遍。
Cross-cultural studies of psychological differentiation are reviewed with the objectives of: examining the applicability, across cultures, of the main propositions of differentiation theory and the generality of its intracultural supporting data; identifying extensions of the theory, and of its empirical base, suggested by the cross-cultural findings; and delineating problems in the existing data and useful lines of further cross-cultural inquiry. The evidence on self-consistency, age changes and stability indicates that these aspects of differentiation show patterns in other cultures essentially similar to those observed in the original American studies. Numerous cross-cultural studies have sought the sources of individual and group differences in differentiation in family practices, in cultural influences and in ecological pressures. The evidence from these studies suggests that less differentiated functioning, including a more field-dependent perceptual mode, is associated with insistence upon adherence to adult authority, female salience and the absence of strong male role models in the family; “tight” organization and stress upon conformity in society; and sedentary agricultural and pastoral ecological settings. In contrast, more differentiated functioning, including relative field independence, are associated with encouragement of autonomy in the family, “loose” social structure and mobile hunting ecological settings. The small sex differences in field-dependence-independence, beginning in adolescence, repeatedly observed in Western studies are not universally evident in the non-Western data. Sex differences appear to be common in samples at the sedentary agricultural end of the ecological spectrum and less evident in mobile hunting samples. Sex differences also seem to be more prevalent in “tight” than in “loose” social settings.