Estimating Microbial Protein Synthesis in the Rumen-Can 'Omics' Methods Provide New Insights into a Long-Standing Question?
Estimating Microbial Protein Synthesis in the Rumen-Can 'Omics' Methods Provide New Insights into a Long-Standing Question?
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DOI：
10.3390/vetsci10120679
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发表时间：
2023-11-27
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Dewhurst RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lima J;Ingabire W;Roehe R;Dewhurst RJ
微生物蛋白质是全球食物链中的宝贵资源。它是由居住在瘤胃中的微生物产生的（即，瘤胃微生物群），并为反刍动物合成乳和肉蛋白质提供至少一半的结构单元。我们的论文回顾了以前用于估计微生物蛋白质产量的实验技术，以及基于这些先前研究开发的数学预测模型。早期的工作涉及直接从肠道取样，而最近使用的代理，如尿嘌呤衍生物，以估计微生物蛋白质合成已被探索。虽然关于微生物蛋白质合成的理论已经很好地理解，但预测并不准确。我们展示了一些新的实验室技术的例子，这些技术可以识别瘤胃微生物群和它们的基因之间的关系（“谁在那里？”“他们在做什么？”）和宿主特征，例如，甲烷排放我们认为，这些技术将使更好的估计，并导致更准确的预测微生物蛋白质的合成。我们敦促一个新的研究计划，利用这些技术来描述和模拟蛋白质的降解和合成在瘤胃。这些问题对于全球粮食蛋白质安全和减少反刍动物生产的环境影响至关重要。瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成（MPS）为反刍动物提供至少一半的乳蛋白和肉蛋白合成所需的氨基酸。因此，它对全球粮食蛋白质安全至关重要。估算微生物蛋白质对于饲料配方、最大化氮（N）利用效率和减少氮向环境的损失至关重要。虽然影响MPS的因素在体外已得到很好的确立，但体内估计技术，包括插管动物的旧技术和基于尿嘌呤衍生物（UPD）排泄的最新技术，均存在较大的实验误差。因此，用于蛋白质配给的MPS模型是不精确的，导致饲料蛋白质的浪费和不必要的氮损失到环境中。较新的“组学”技术被用来研究微生物群落、它们的基因以及由此产生的蛋白质和代谢物。微生物群落和基因的分析最近已成功地用于模拟复杂的瘤胃相关性状，包括饲料转化效率和甲烷排放。由于微生物蛋白质与微生物基因更直接相关，因此我们预期瘤胃元基因组学/元基因组学与MPS之间存在很强的关系。本综述的主要目的是评估对影响MPS的因素的理解，包括UPD技术的使用，并探讨以组学为重点的研究是否可以提高MPS的可预测性，重点是肉牛。
Microbial protein is a valuable resource within the global food chain. It is produced by microbes inhabiting the rumen (i.e., the rumen microbiota), and provides at least half of the building blocks for the synthesis of milk and meat protein in ruminants. Our paper reviews experimental techniques previously used to estimate the quantity of microbial protein produced, and mathematical prediction models developed based on those previous studies. Earlier work involved direct sampling from the gut, whilst more recently the use of proxies such as urine purine derivatives to estimate microbial protein synthesis has been explored. Whilst the theory about microbial protein synthesis is well understood, predictions are not accurate. We show examples of newer lab techniques that identify relationships between the rumen microbiota and their genes (‘who is there?’ and ‘what are they doing?’) and host traits, e.g., methane emissions. We suggest that these techniques will enable better estimates and lead to more accurate predictions of microbial protein synthesis. We urge for a renewed programme of research using these techniques to describe and model protein degradation and synthesis in the rumen. These questions are fundamental to global food protein security and reduction in the environmental effects of ruminant livestock production. Rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS) provides at least half of the amino acids for the synthesis of milk and meat protein in ruminants. As such, it is fundamental to global food protein security. Estimating microbial protein is central to diet formulation, maximising nitrogen (N)-use efficiency and reducing N losses to the environment. Whilst factors influencing MPS are well established in vitro, techniques for in vivo estimates, including older techniques with cannulated animals and the more recent technique based on urinary purine derivative (UPD) excretion, are subject to large experimental errors. Consequently, models of MPS used in protein rationing are imprecise, resulting in wasted feed protein and unnecessary N losses to the environment. Newer ‘omics’ techniques are used to characterise microbial communities, their genes and resultant proteins and metabolites. An analysis of microbial communities and genes has recently been used successfully to model complex rumen-related traits, including feed conversion efficiency and methane emissions. Since microbial proteins are more directly related to microbial genes, we expect a strong relationship between rumen metataxonomics/metagenomics and MPS. The main aims of this review are to gauge the understanding of factors affecting MPS, including the use of the UPD technique, and explore whether omics-focused studies could improve the predictability of MPS, with a focus on beef cattle.
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