Macrophages in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation.
Macrophages in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00424-017-1958-2
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发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Shaw TN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grainger JR;Konkel JE;Zangerle-Murray T;Shaw TN
单核细胞来源的单核吞噬细胞，特别是巨噬细胞，对维持胃肠道稳态至关重要，但对某些病原体的保护也很重要。然而，如果不加以控制，它们会促进免疫病理。总的来说，巨噬细胞的两个亚群可以被认为执行大量的功能来完成这些复杂的任务：在健康肠道中占主导地位的常驻巨噬细胞和来自循环单核细胞浸润炎症组织的炎症诱导（炎性）巨噬细胞。在这里，我们讨论了常驻和炎症性肠巨噬细胞的特征，识别和定义这些群体的复杂性以及它们分化的机制。特别地，重点将放在描述它们独特的个体发生以及指导健康组织中巨噬细胞特化的局部胃肠道信号上。然后，我们探索了炎性巨噬细胞的不同作用，并描述了新的数据，表明它们可能不仅受肠道微环境的影响，还受骨髓发育过程中接收的信号的影响。鉴于肠道巨噬细胞的高度可塑性及其在健康和炎症组织中的多方面作用，了解控制其分化的机制可以为炎症性肠病（IBD）等炎症性疾病的改进治疗提供信息。
Monocyte-derived mononuclear phagocytes, particularly macrophages, are crucial to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis in the steady state but are also important for protection against certain pathogens. However, when uncontrolled, they can promote immunopathology. Broadly two subsets of macrophages can be considered to perform the vast array of functions to complete these complex tasks: resident macrophages that dominate in the healthy gut and inflammation-elicited (inflammatory) macrophages that derive from circulating monocytes infiltrating inflamed tissue. Here, we discuss the features of resident and inflammatory intestinal macrophages, complexities in identifying and defining these populations and the mechanisms involved in their differentiation. In particular, focus will be placed on describing their unique ontogeny as well as local gastrointestinal signals that instruct specialisation of resident macrophages in healthy tissue. We then explore the very different roles of inflammatory macrophages and describe new data suggesting that they may be educated not only by the gut microenvironment but also by signals they receive during development in the bone marrow. Given the high degree of plasticity of gut macrophages and their multifaceted roles in both healthy and inflamed tissue, understanding the mechanisms controlling their differentiation could inform development of improved therapies for inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).