What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species?
What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species?
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DOI：
10.1007/s10980-015-0314-1
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Fahrig, Lenore
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miguet, Paul;Jackson, Heather B.;Fahrig, Lenore
景观生态学家通常对测量环境变量对生物反应的影响感兴趣;然而，影响的强度和方向取决于测量环境变量的区域大小。因此，一个中心目标是确定测量环境变量的最佳空间范围，即“效应尺度”。我们的目标是：（1）提供一个关于决定效应尺度的假设的全面总结，（2）提供可以在实证研究中检验的预测，（3）通过文献综述表明，我们提出了14种预测，这些预测来自五个假设，解释了什么决定了效应的规模，并回顾了文献（如果有的话）支持每一个预测。这些预测涉及五种类型的因素：（A）物种特征，（B）景观变量，（C）生物反应（如丰度与发生），（D）间接影响，（E）研究的区域背景。我们确定了阻碍估计效应规模的方法问题。在14个预测中，只有9个经过了实证检验，只有5个得到了一些实证支持。大多数支持来自模拟研究。经验证据通常不支持预测。景观变量影响生物结果的空间尺度的研究还处于起步阶段。我们通过澄清关于影响规模的决定因素的预测，为未来的研究提供了方向。
Landscape ecologists are often interested in measuring the effects of an environmental variable on a biological response; however, the strength and direction of effect depend on the size of the area within which the environmental variable is measured. Thus a central objective is to identify the optimal spatial extent within which to measure the environmental variable, i.e. the "scale of effect".Our objectives are (1) to provide a comprehensive summary of the hypotheses concerning what determines the scale of effect, (2) to provide predictions that can be tested in empirical studies, and (3) to show, with a review of the literature, that most of these predictions have so far been inadequately tested.We propose 14 predictions derived from five hypotheses explaining what determines the scale of effect, and review the literature (if any) supporting each prediction. These predictions involve five types of factors: (A) species traits, (B) landscape variables, (C) biological responses (e.g. abundance vs. occurrence), (D) indirect influences, and (E) regional context of the study. We identify methodological issues that hinder estimation of the scale of effect.Of the 14 predictions, only nine have been tested empirically and only five have received some empirical support. Most support is from simulation studies. Empirical evidence usually does not support predictions.The study of the spatial scale at which landscape variables influence biological outcomes is in its infancy. We provide directions for future research by clarifying predictions concerning the determinants of the scale of effect.