The impact of global warming and land-use change on the pest status of rice and fruit bugs (Heteroptera) in Japan
The impact of global warming and land-use change on the pest status of rice and fruit bugs (Heteroptera) in Japan
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01397.x
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发表时间：
2007-08-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Kiritani, K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kiritani, K.
20世纪70年代初，水稻和水果害虫(异翅目)在日本成为一个全国性的问题。九种水稻害虫和三种水果害虫已被指定为重要的经济物种。对水稻的种植限制产生了休耕稻田，在那里各种水稻虫子繁殖并变得丰富。对多种果树造成危害的果树害虫主要有三种，分别为十字星天牛、斑潜蝇和亚点黑斑潜蝇。然而，它们需要锥体才能完成它们的生命周期。20世纪50年代种植的针叶树20年后结出球果。干燥炎热的夏季有助于第二年的良好结实，而良好的球果产量反过来又有助于第三年果虫的大量繁殖。因此，有强有力的间接证据表明，在过去的30年里，土地利用的变化导致了水稻和水果害虫的大量繁殖。北极星天牛Nezara viridula、中国细尾鱼Leptocorisa chinensis、亚点海龟和刺突副天牛的活动范围向极地扩展。一项评估冬季死亡率的调查显示，在平均冬季温度在2-6℃之间的地区，冬季平均气温每升高1摄氏度，绿色拟青霉和赤眼蜂的越冬死亡率下降约15%。一般而言，发育零点(T-0)和温度常数(K)较小的物种的年世代数增幅最大。产卵前期T-0值高的物种繁殖活动增加幅度最大，而T-0值较低的越冬昆虫对温度升高的反应较早。各县就水稻害虫和水果害虫的发生发出的警告的数量是相互关联的。最近的全球变暖以各种方式运作(例如，通过增加每年的世代数、生殖活动和食物，以产生这种关联)。在没有发生重大土地利用变化的韩国，没有出现实质性的细菌问题。由于没有进一步限制种植的余地，预计未来日本的稻瘟病暴发将变得不那么频繁。自1970年以来，针叶树的种植一直在减少，但针叶林的面积几乎没有变化。这表明，在可预见的未来，水果害虫问题仍将持续。
Infestation by rice and fruit bugs (Heteroptera) became a nationwide problem in Japan in the early 1970s. Nine rice bug species and three fruit bug species have been designated as economically important. Cropping restrictions for rice produced fallow paddy fields where various rice bugs reproduced and became abundant. Plautia crossota stali, Halyomorpha halys and Glaucias subpunctatus are dominant species of fruit bug that cause damage to a range of fruit crops. However, they require cones in order to complete their life cycle. Coniferous trees planted in the 1950s bore cones after 20 years. A dry and hot summer contributes to good masting the following year and good cone production, in turn, contributes to the abundance of fruit bugs in the third year. Thus, there is strong circumstantial evidence that land-use changes were responsible for the abundance of both rice and fruit bugs during the last 30 years. Poleward range expansion was observed in Nezara viridula, Leptocorisa chinensis, G. subpunctatus and Paradasynus spinosus. A survey conducted to assess winter mortality revealed that every 1 degrees C rise in mean winter temperature resulted in a reduction of about 15% in winter mortality of N. viridula and H. halys in localities where the mean winter temperature ranges from 2 to 6 degrees C. In general, species with low developmental zero (T-0) and small thermal constant (K) show the greatest increase in annual number of generations. Species with a high T-0 for preoviposition period show the greatest increase in reproductive activity, while overwintering insects with a lower T-0 tend to appear earlier in response to the elevation of temperature. Numbers of warnings issued by the prefectures on the occurrence of rice bugs and fruit bugs were correlated. Recent global warming operates in various ways, (e.g. by increasing annual number of generations, reproductive activity and food, to produce such correlation). There are no substantial bug problems in Korea where no significant land-use changes have occurred. Rice bug outbreaks in Japan are predicted to become less frequent in the future, because there is no further scope for cropping restriction. Planting of coniferous trees has been continuously decreasing since 1970, but the area of coniferous forest is still almost the same. This suggests that the fruit bug problem will continue for the foreseeable future.