From Extreme Weather Events to 'Cascading Vulnerabilities': Participatory Flood Research Methodologies in Brazil During COVID-19
From Extreme Weather Events to 'Cascading Vulnerabilities': Participatory Flood Research Methodologies in Brazil During COVID-19
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从极端天气事件到“级联漏洞”：COVID-19 期间巴西的参与式洪水研究方法
DOI：
10.1142/s2345737622410020
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Calvillo N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Calvillo N
极端天气事件相互交织，并与其他极端事件纠缠在一起，如COVID-19大流行、反种族主义抗议、干旱、住房危机、罢工或气候紧急情况，以及由于国家、经济和政治动荡而导致的更普遍的不足，以及长期政策或不作为所带来的脆弱性。极端天气事件的影响因持续存在的社会不公正而加剧，如贫困和结构性种族主义、住房短缺以及随之而来的对河岸等危险地区和以往社会环境灾害地区的非正式和无计划占领。就巴西而言，亚马逊地区持续的森林砍伐（农业综合企业、采矿和非法木材）引发了该地区的干旱和能源短缺，造成了全球范围内的进一步脆弱性。在本文中，我们对这些相互关联的情景的主要贡献是描述为应对COVID-19而进行的方法干预，并展示这些变化如何为受试者和研究人员的脆弱性过程提供新的见解。在一个更大的项目（Waterproofing Data）中，专注于圣保罗和阿克里（巴西）的案例研究，我们的更广泛的团队进行了洪水风险社区研究，我们被迫重新思考我们的方法。我们不再关注洪水事件及其影响的单一性，而是承认社会脆弱性的级联条件（由天气、健康、社会和政治条件引起）。在本文中，我们直接解决了“脆弱性级联”，洪水易发社区已经遇到的研究人员试图与他们接触时。我们开辟了新的途径，重新考虑公民身份、空间和创新，以应对我们在进行参与性洪水研究方法时遇到的关键挑战，特别是在2020年3月至2021年11月的COVID-19大流行的第一阶段。通过巴西的洪水研究，我们阐明了艺术，人文和社会科学的方法论贡献，以在“缓慢暴力”的背景下进行更现实，公正和关怀的研究实践[尼克松，R（2013）。缓慢暴力和穷人的环境主义。剑桥，MA：哈佛UP]。
Extreme weather events are entangled with each other and with other extreme events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-racist protests, drought, a housing crisis, strikes, or climate emergencies, as well as with more general inadequacies due to national, economic, and political upheavals and accreted vulnerabilities from long-term policies or inactions. Effects of extreme weather events are intensified by ongoing social injustices like poverty and structural racism, a housing deficit, and the consequent informal and unplanned occupation of hazardous areas, such as riverbanks, and areas of previous social-environmental disasters. In the context of Brazil, the ongoing deforestation in the Amazon (agribusiness, mining and illegal wood) provoking droughts and energy shortages in the region creates further vulnerabilities that are felt globally. In this paper, our primary contribution to these inter-connected scenarios is to describe methodological interventions that were made in response to COVID-19, and to show how those changes provided new insights into vulnerability processes of both subjects and researchers. During a larger project (Waterproofing Data), focused on the case study research areas of São Paulo and Acre (Brazil) wherein our wider team conducted flood-risk community research, we were forced to rethink our approach. We moved away from the singularity of the flood event and its impacts toward acknowledging the cascading conditions of social vulnerability (caused by weather, health, social and political conditions). In this paper, we directly address the ‘cascade of vulnerabilities’ that the flood-prone communities already encounter when researchers seek to engage with them. We open new avenues to reconsider citizenship, space, and innovation in terms of the key challenges that our methods encountered when conducting participatory flood research methodologies, particularly during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to November 2021. Through flood research in Brazil, we articulate methodological contributions from the arts, humanities, and social sciences for more realistic, just, and caring research practices within and about weather in the context of ‘slow violence’ [Nixon, R (2013).Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor.Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP].