MCAT to XCAT: The Evolution of 4-D Computerized Phantoms for Imaging Research: Computer models that take account of body movements promise to provide evaluation and improvement of medical imaging devices and technology.
MCAT to XCAT: The Evolution of 4-D Computerized Phantoms for Imaging Research: Computer models that take account of body movements promise to provide evaluation and improvement of medical imaging devices and technology.
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DOI：
10.1109/jproc.2009.2022417
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发表时间：
2009-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tsui BM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Paul Segars W;Tsui BM
计算机化体模的发展中的最近工作集中于理想的“混合”模型的创建，该模型寻求将基于患者的体素化体模的真实性与数学或程式化体模的灵活性联合收割机结合。我们一直在领导这种用于医学成像研究的计算机化幻影的开发。本文将总结我们的发展，从原来的四维（4-D）数学心脏躯干（MCAT）幻影，一个程式化的模型的基础上的几何图元，到目前的4-D扩展心脏躯干（XCAT）和小鼠全身（MOBY）幻影，混合模型的基础上国家的最先进的计算机图形技术的人类和实验室小鼠。本文阐述了进化的计算机幻影朝着更准确的解剖和生理模型。通过引入非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）和细分（SD）曲面（广泛用于计算机图形学的工具）作为建模原语来定义更理想的混合体模，从而促进了这种演变。以NURBS和SD曲面为基础，我们从一个简单的男性躯干（MCAT）的几何模型（仅包含少数结构）发展到详细的男性和女性（XCAT）解剖结构的全身模型（从新生儿到成年人的不同年龄），每个模型包含9000多个结构。我们应用于人体建模的技术同样用于创建4-D MOBY体模，这是一种专为小动物成像研究设计的小鼠全身模型。从我们的工作中，我们发现NURBS和SD表面建模技术是描述真实体模的解剖学和生理学的有效且灵活的方法。基于成像数据，这些表面可以精确地模拟体内复杂的器官和结构，提供与体素化体模相当的逼真度。此外，它们非常灵活。像程式化模型一样，它们可以很容易地被操纵，以模拟解剖变异和患者运动。随着真实性的巨大改进，我们实验室开发的幻影可以与成像过程的精确模型（SPECT，PET，CT，磁共振成像和超声）相结合，以生成接近实际人类或动物受试者的模拟成像数据。因此，它们可以提供重要的工具，以在各种扫描参数下从许多不同的受试者生成预测成像数据，从而定量地评估和改进成像设备和技术。从MCAT到XCAT，我们将展示NURBS和SD曲面建模如何在成像研究的计算机化幻影发展中取得重大进展。
Recent work in the development of computerized phantoms has focused on the creation of ideal “hybrid” models that seek to combine the realism of a patient-based voxelized phantom with the flexibility of a mathematical or stylized phantom. We have been leading the development of such computerized phantoms for use in medical imaging research. This paper will summarize our developments dating from the original four-dimensional (4-D) Mathematical Cardiac-Torso (MCAT) phantom, a stylized model based on geometric primitives, to the current 4-D extended Cardiac-Torso (XCAT) and Mouse Whole-Body (MOBY) phantoms, hybrid models of the human and laboratory mouse based on state-of-the-art computer graphics techniques. This paper illustrates the evolution of computerized phantoms toward more accurate models of anatomy and physiology. This evolution was catalyzed through the introduction of nonuniform rational b-spline (NURBS) and subdivision (SD) surfaces, tools widely used in computer graphics, as modeling primitives to define a more ideal hybrid phantom. With NURBS and SD surfaces as a basis, we progressed from a simple geometrically based model of the male torso (MCAT) containing only a handful of structures to detailed, whole-body models of the male and female (XCAT) anatomies (at different ages from newborn to adult), each containing more than 9000 structures. The techniques we applied for modeling the human body were similarly used in the creation of the 4-D MOBY phantom, a whole-body model for the mouse designed for small animal imaging research. From our work, we have found the NURBS and SD surface modeling techniques to be an efficient and flexible way to describe the anatomy and physiology for realistic phantoms. Based on imaging data, the surfaces can accurately model the complex organs and structures in the body, providing a level of realism comparable to that of a voxelized phantom. In addition, they are very flexible. Like stylized models, they can easily be manipulated to model anatomical variations and patient motion. With the vast improvement in realism, the phantoms developed in our lab can be combined with accurate models of the imaging process (SPECT, PET, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound) to generate simulated imaging data close to that from actual human or animal subjects. As such, they can provide vital tools to generate predictive imaging data from many different subjects under various scanning parameters from which to quantitatively evaluate and improve imaging devices and techniques. From the MCAT to XCAT, we will demonstrate how NURBS and SD surface modeling have resulted in a major evolutionary advance in the development of computerized phantoms for imaging research.