Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia.
Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0175308
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gebre-Michael T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aklilu E;Gebresilassie A;Yared S;Kindu M;Tekie H;Balkew M;Warburg A;Hailu A;Gebre-Michael T
内脏利什曼病(VL)也被称为黑热病，在埃塞俄比亚是一个日益严重的健康问题，估计每年VL的发病率在3700到7400之间。该病主要流行于该国西北部地区。本研究的目的是确定埃塞俄比亚西北部两个特有和生态不同地区的东方白纹伊蚊的区系和生态。在Libo-Kemkem(2011年5月至2012年4月)和Metema(2012年10月至2013年9月)两个地区，使用CDC灯光诱捕器、粘性诱捕器和除虫菊酯喷雾捕捉器收集了来自Libo-Kemkem(2011年5月至2012年4月)和Metema(2012年10月至2013年9月)的家居周边、混交林、农田和室内生境的沙蝇。共收集和鉴定了51,411个沙蝇标本(10,776个来自高原地区，40,635个来自低地地区)。在高原地区发现7种：白头翁属2种。(P.orientalis和P.rodhaini)和5个Sergentmyia种。而低地有19种：侧耳白头翁6种(侧耳侧耳、罗氏侧耳、伯杰罗蒂侧耳、杜波斯侧耳、木瓜侧耳、马提尼侧耳)和13种丝菌。高地(99.9%)和低地(93.7%)均以东方白头翁为优势种。室内除虫菊喷雾捕集和粘性诱集结果表明，东方拟除虫菊酯在两个地区均有较强的嗜食和嗜食行为。在这两个地区，这种物种表现出季节性的发生，并在一年中干旱的月份(3-5/6月)表现出丰富的数量，并且数量增加，直到雨季，数量急剧下降。两地区侧柏平均密度与灯光诱集的平均温度呈显著正相关(P<；0.05)。然而，两个地区的侧柏平均密度与温度呈正相关且不显著(P>；0.05)。在雨型上，侧柏密度呈显著负相关(两地区均为轻诱集)和显著相关(低地粘滞诱集)。目前的研究表明，沙蝇区系在高原和低地之间存在差异，其中侧柏是白纹伊蚊种类最丰富的物种。研究还确定，侧柏表现出明显的季节性，其丰度在旱季期间增加，并在两个研究地区的雨期开始时消失。这一昆虫学观察结果为研究地区的媒介生物控制或预防措施提供了重要依据。
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as kala-azar is a growing health problem in Ethiopia with an estimated annual VL incidence between 3700 and 7400. The disease is mainly endemic in northwestern parts of the country. The aim of the current study was to determine the sand fly fauna and ecology of Phlebotomus orientalis in two endemic and ecologically distinct areas of northwestern Ethiopia. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps, sticky traps and pyrethrum spray catches from peri-domestic, mixed forest, farm field and indoor habitats from both Libo-Kemkem (May 2011-April 2012) and Metema (October 2012-September 2013) districts. A total of 51,411 sand fly specimens were collected and identified (10,776 from highland and 40, 635 from the lowland areas). Seven species were found in the highland area: two Phlebotomus spp. (P. orientalis and P. rodhaini) and five Sergentomyia species. Whereas 19 species were found in the lowland area: six Phlebotomus (P. orientalis, P. rodhaini, P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi, P. papatasi and P. martini) and 13 Sergentomyia species. Of the Phlebotomus spp., P. orientalis was the predominant species in both the highland (99.9%) and lowland (93.7%) areas. Indoor collections using pyrethrum spray catches and sticky traps indicated that P. orientalis has a strong exophilic and exophagic behaviors in both districts. In both areas, this species showed seasonal occurrence and showing abundance during the dry months (March-May/June) of the year and increasing in numbers till the rain season, when numbers dropped dramatically. Mean density of P. orientalis in the two areas had positive and significant correlation with mean temperature in light trap collections (P<0.05). However, mean density of P. orientalis in the two areas in sticky trap collections had positive and insignificant association with the temperature (P>0.05). Regarding the rainfall pattern, density of P. orientalis had negative and statistically insignificant correlation (for light trap collections for both areas) and significant correlation (for sticky trap collections for lowland area). The current study indicated the variation in sand fly fauna between the highland and lowland districts, wherein, P. orientalis was found to be the most abundant Phlebotomus species. The study also determined that P. orientalis exhibits distinct seasonality, where its abundance increases during the dry season and disappears when the rainy period starts in both study areas. This entomological observation on the bionomics of P. orientalis provides significant evidence for considering vector control or preventive measures in the areas studied.