Learning to parse?
Learning to parse?
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1023258301588
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发表时间：
1998-03-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Fodor, JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fodor, JD
关于人类句子理解的一个强有力的论断是，处理机制完全是与生俱来的，对不同的语言应用的不同只是在语法不同的程度上。如果是这样的话，就有希望制定一个解释性项目，将所有的句法“策略”归因于句法分析装置的基本设计特征。然而，由于发现晚结束并不普遍，整个解释性程序处于危险之中(Cuetos&Mitchell，1988)：西班牙语、荷兰语和其他语言倾向于提前结束(高依恋)，而英语倾向于晚结束(低依恋)。我认为通用解析器可以经受住这个词干。在西班牙语和其他语言中，迟闭合的例外情况只出现在一个结构(附加在复杂名词短语[NP]中的关系从句)中，这在英语中也是边缘的。对于其他结构，在所有测试的语言中都倾向于低依附性。我认为，复杂的NP结构的不同之处在于，与宿主配置相比，被依附者的重量更大。关系从句是重附着者，而较低的NP单独作为宿主是小的；因此，如果整个复合NP是它的宿主，关系从句就更平衡了。一项广泛的事实解释了这样一个原则，即一个选民喜欢有一个和他一样大的姐妹。由于较大的成分由较高的节点主导，因此较轻的成分往往附着在较低的节点上，而较重的成分附着在较高的节点上。对平衡重量的偏爱在韵律短语方面的工作中是常见的。因此，我认为韵律处理与句法处理(甚至在阅读中)是平行进行的，并影响结构歧义的解决。依恋高度的歧义通过韵律激励的相同大小姐妹约束来解决。英语的特殊行为可能是因为它将关系代词与相邻名词的韵律包装在一起，压倒了平衡倾向。如果这一解释是正确的，那么分析偏好的所有跨语言变化都可能是由于能力语法的韵律成分的跨语言变化。
A strong claim about human sentence comprehension is that the processing mechanism is fully innate and applies differently to different languages only to the extent that their grammars differ If so, there is hope Sor an explanatory project which attributes all parsing "strategies" to fundamental design characteristics of the parsing device. However, the whole explanatory program is in peril because of the discovery (Cuetos & Mitchell, 1988) that Late Closure is not universal: Spanish, and also Dutch and other languages, favor Early Closure (high attachment) where English favors Late Closure (low attachment). I argue that the universal parser can weather this stem. Exceptions to Late Closure in Spanish and other languages are observed only in one construction (a relative clause attaching into a complex noun phrase [NP]), which is borderline in English too. For other constructions, low attachment is preferred in all languages tested I propose that what differentiates the complex NP construction is the heaviness of the attachee compared to that of the host configuration. A relative clause is a heavy attachee, and the lower NP alone is small as a host; the relative is therefore better balanced if the whole complex NP is its host. A wide range of facts is accounted for by the principle that a constituent likes to have a sister of its own size. Light constituents will tend to attach low and heavy ones to attach high, since larger constituents are dominated by higher nodes. A preference for balanced weight is familiar from work on prosodic phrasing. I suggest, therefore, that prosodic processing occurs in parallel with syntactic processing (even in reading) and influences structural ambiguity resolution. Height of attachment ambiguities are resolved by the prosodically motivated same-size-sister constraint. The exceptional behavior of English may be due to its prosodic packaging of a relative pronoun with the adjacent noun, overriding the balance tendency. If this explanation is correct, it is possible that all cross-language variations in parsing preferences are due to cross-language variations in the prosodic component of the competence grammar.