Herpes Simplex Virus: A Versatile Tool for Insights Into Evolution, Gene Delivery, and Tumor Immunotherapy.
Herpes Simplex Virus: A Versatile Tool for Insights Into Evolution, Gene Delivery, and Tumor Immunotherapy.
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DOI：
10.1177/1178122x20913274
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Spencer JV
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mody PH;Pathak S;Hanson LK;Spencer JV
疱疹病毒在整个动物界普遍存在，它们与宿主物种共存并共同进化了数百万年。疱疹病毒携带一个大的（120-230 kb）双链DNA基因组，由蛋白质衣壳、由病毒和宿主蛋白组成的被膜层和具有表面糖蛋白的脂质双层包膜包围。这些病毒的一个关键特征是它们能够在初次感染后进入潜伏状态，使它们能够逃避宿主的免疫系统并永久存在。疱疹病毒可以从休眠状态重新激活，通常是在压力或宿主免疫反应受损时。虽然疱疹病毒可导致免疫功能低下的人严重疾病的并发症，但大多数人很少受到疱疹病毒感染的不良影响。实际上，单纯疱疹病毒1（HSV-1）特别具有使其成为治疗性基因递送的有吸引力的工具的几个特征。单纯疱疹病毒1型靶向并感染特定的细胞类型，如上皮细胞和神经元。HSV-1基因组还可以容纳高达14 kb的大插入。基于HSV-1的载体已经成功用于黑素瘤的溶瘤治疗。除了作为治疗性基因递送和靶向细胞裂解的载体外，疱疹病毒HSV-1和2的比较基因组学还揭示了有关病毒及其宿主进化历史的有价值的信息。本文综述了HSV-1作为基因传递工具和进化标记的适应性。总体而言，HSV-1作为治疗人类疾病和研究人类迁移模式，疾病爆发和进化的工具显示出很大的希望。
Herpesviruses are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom, and they have coexisted and coevolved along with their host species for millions of years. Herpesviruses carry a large (120-230 kb) double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a protein capsid, a tegument layer consisting of viral and host proteins, and a lipid bilayer envelope with surface glycoproteins. A key characteristic of these viruses is their ability to enter a latent state following primary infection, allowing them to evade the host’s immune system and persist permanently. Herpesviruses can reactivate from their dormant state, usually during times of stress or when the host’s immune responses are impaired. While herpesviruses can cause complications with severe disease in immune-compromised people, most of the population experiences few ill effects from herpesvirus infections. Indeed, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in particular has several features that make it an attractive tool for therapeutic gene delivery. Herpes simplex virus 1 targets and infects specific cell types, such as epithelial cells and neurons. The HSV-1 genome can also accommodate large insertions of up to 14 kb. The HSV-1-based vectors have already achieved success for the oncolytic treatment of melanoma. In addition to serving as a vehicle for therapeutic gene delivery and targeted cell lysis, comparative genomics of herpesviruses HSV-1 and 2 has revealed valuable information about the evolutionary history of both viruses and their hosts. This review focuses on the adaptability of HSV-1 as an instrument for gene delivery and an evolutionary marker. Overall, HSV-1 shows great promise as a tool for treating human disease and studying human migration patterns, disease outbreaks, and evolution.