Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines
Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1914221117
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发表时间：
2020-03-03
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huang, Junming;Gates, Alexander J.;Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo
学术界存在广泛但零散的性别差异证据，表明女性在大多数科学学科中的代表性不足，在整个职业生涯中发表的文章较少，她们的工作获得的引用也较少。在这里，我们通过对学术出版生涯的文献计量分析，重建了超过150万名性别确定的作者的完整出版历史，这些作者的出版生涯在1955年至2010年之间结束，涵盖83个国家和13个学科，从而提供了一幅纵向性别差异表现的综合图景。我们发现，矛盾的是，在过去60年中，女性参与科学的增加伴随着生产力和影响方面的性别差异的增加。然而，最令人惊讶的是，我们发现了两个性别不变量，即男性和女性的年发表率相当，对相同规模的工作具有同等的职业影响。最后，我们证明了出版职业生涯长度和辍学率的差异解释了所报告的职业生涯中生产率和影响力差异的很大一部分，尽管生产率差异仍然存在。这幅关于学术界性别不平等的全面图景有助于改变围绕学术界女性职业可持续性的对话，对机构和政策制定者产生重要影响。
There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, weuncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women's careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers.