Entangled Far Rights: A Russian-European Intellectual Romance in the Twentieth Century
Entangled Far Rights: A Russian-European Intellectual Romance in the Twentieth Century
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纠缠不清的极权：二十世纪俄罗斯与欧洲知识分子的浪漫史
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发表时间：
2018
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Laruelle
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作者：
M. Laruelle
自2010年代初以来，俄罗斯对欧洲极右翼的支持，以及对全球范围内的保守派和民粹主义领导人的支持，已经成为西方认为莫斯科是国际舞台上“搅局者”的基石。俄罗斯现在被视为对“老牌民主国家”的威胁：它对极右翼政治的支持被解读为更广泛战略的一部分，其中还包括干预选举和公投——2016年美国总统选举、英国退欧和加泰罗尼亚公投等。许多观察家预计，如果俄罗斯选择干预欧洲政治舞台，它将重新激活苏联对欧洲左翼的软实力。因此，俄罗斯最狂热的支持者现在出现在意识形态光谱的右翼，这一事实让人感到意外。有两个关键点可以解释当前的现实。首先，自柏林墙倒塌和苏联解体以来，欧洲左派经历了巨大的变化。尽管欧洲左翼在国际事务上的立场可能与俄罗斯的立场有一些意识形态上的共同点——比如反对北约，对跨大西洋机构持谨慎态度，不愿看到一个过于新自由主义的欧盟对民族国家获得更多权力——但两者在社会问题上存在严重分歧。无论是与共产主义保持某种接近的“旧”左派，还是在希腊、西班牙等许多国家出现的“新”左派
S ince the early 2010s and more visibly since the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, Russia’s support for the European Far Right—and for conservative and populist leaders more globally—has become a cornerstone of the West’s perception of Moscow as a “spoiler” on the international scene. Russia is now perceived as a danger to “established democracies”: its support for farright politics is interpreted as part of a broader strategy that also includes supposed meddling in elections and referendums—the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, Brexit, and the Catalonia referendum, among others. Many observers expected that Russia, if it chose to intervene on the European political scene, would reactivate Soviet soft power toward the European Left. The fact that Russia’s most fervent supporters are now to be found on the right of the ideological spectrum therefore came as a surprise. Two key points explain the present reality. The first is that the European Left has undergone dramatic changes since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although the European Left’s stance on international affairs may share some ideological features with Russia’s position—such as being anti-NATO, cautious toward transatlantic institutions, and reluctant to see a too neoliberal European Union gain more power over nation-states—both are deeply divided on societal issues. Both the “old” Left, which maintains a certain proximity to communism, and the “new” Left, as it has emerged in Greece, Spain, and among many an-