Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns II: numerical characterization and optimization
Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns II: numerical characterization and optimization
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DOI：
10.1364/josab.502962
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发表时间：
2023-10
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jonathan Lin;Michael P. Fitzgerald;Yinzi Xin;Yoo Jung Kim;O. Guyon;Sergio Leon-Saval;B. Norris;N. Jovanovic
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文献类型：
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作者：
Jonathan Lin;Michael P. Fitzgerald;Yinzi Xin;Yoo Jung Kim;O. Guyon;Sergio Leon-Saval;B. Norris;N. Jovanovic
我们提出了数值表征的波前传感器的少模式光子灯笼波前传感器（PLWFSs）的性能。这些表征包括吞吐量，控制空间，传感器线性度的计算，并在1550 nm的波长的3至19个端口的标准和混合灯笼的最大线性重建范围的估计。我们还考虑了光束整形光学器件和放置在光瞳平面中的电荷-1涡旋掩模的影响。前者的动机是应用PL的高分辨率光谱，这可以使有效的注入到光谱仪沿着与同时焦平面波前传感;同样，后者的动机是应用PL的涡旋光纤调零（VFN），这可以同时实现波前传感和调零的轴上星光。总的来说，我们发现，在这项工作中测试的PLWFS设置表现出良好的线性度到~0.25-0.5弧度的RMS波前误差（WFE）。同时，我们估计在传感器响应退化之前，这些传感器可以处理的WFE的最大量大约为1-2弧度RMS。在未来，我们预计这些限制可以通过增加自由度的数量来进一步推动，无论是通过采用更高模式计数的灯笼，分散灯笼输出，还是分离偏振。最后，我们考虑的PLWFS的设计，这涉及到的灯笼本身的修改和使用前和后灯笼光学相位掩模和干涉光束复合器的优化策略。
We present numerical characterizations of the wavefront sensing performance for few-mode photonic lantern wavefront sensors (PLWFSs). These characterizations include calculations of throughput, control space, sensor linearity, and an estimate of maximum linear reconstruction range for standard and hybrid lanterns with 3 to 19 ports, at a wavelength of 1550 nm. We additionally consider the impact of beam-shaping optics and a charge-1 vortex mask, placed in the pupil plane. The former is motivated by the application of PLs to high-resolution spectroscopy, which could enable efficient injection into the spectrometer along with simultaneous focal-plane wavefront sensing; similarly, the latter is motivated by the application of PLs to vortex fiber nulling (VFN), which can simultaneously enable wavefront sensing and the nulling of on-axis starlight. Overall, we find that the PLWFS setups tested in this work exhibit good linearity out to ~0.25-0.5 radians of RMS wavefront error (WFE). Meanwhile, we estimate the maximum amount of WFE that can be handled by these sensors, before the sensor response becomes degenerate, to be around ~1-2 radians RMS. In the future, we expect these limits can be pushed further by increasing the number of degrees of freedom, either by adopting higher-mode-count lanterns, dispersing lantern outputs, or separating polarizations. Lastly, we consider optimization strategies for the design of the PLWFS, which involve both modification of the lantern itself and the use of pre- and post-lantern optics like phase masks and interferometric beam recombiners.