Security Communities: An emerging security community in South America?
Security Communities: An emerging security community in South America?
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安全社区：南美洲新兴的安全社区？
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511598661.007
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Hurrell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Hurrell
拉丁美洲很少发生重大战争，这对国际关系理论构成了重大挑战，并为思考安全共同体的性质提供了特别肥沃的土壤。在独立后的前半个世纪里，该地区受到持续和广泛的内部和外部国家组建和国家建设战争的困扰。在这方面，如同在许多其他方面一样，拉丁美洲预示了随后的后殖民冲突的格局，而且无论如何也不能被视为构成了一个安全共同体。解释遵循可预测的路线。现实主义者和新现实主义者关注的是地缘政治位置，不同程度上与域外影响隔绝，以及首先是英国，然后是美国的霸权或警察角色。在该区域内，他们强调出现了相对自治的区域权力平衡（例如在巴西、阿根廷和智利之间），以及其他有助于抑制冲突的物质因素- -缺乏运输联系，边界在地理上远离政治和经济活动中心，军事技术使得在进攻性征服战争中极难获得权力。
The paucity of major wars in Latin America constitutes a major challenge to international relations theory and provides especially fertile ground for thinking about the nature of security communities. For the first half-century following independence, the region was beset by persistent and widespread wars of state formation and nation building, both internal and external. In this, as in so many other ways, Latin America foreshadowed the pattern of subsequent postcolonial conflicts and, by no stretch of the imagination, could be viewed as constituting a security community. However, since the late nineteenth century both the number and the intensity of interstate wars between Latin American states have been remarkably low - despite the existence of large numbers of protracted and militarized border disputes, many cases of the threatened use of force and of military intervention by outside powers, high levels of domestic violence and political instability, and long periods of authoritarian rule. Explanations follow predictable lines. Realists and neorealists look to geopolitical location, to the varying degree of insulation from extraregional influences, and to the hegemonic or policing role of, first, Britain and then the United States. Within the region, they highlight the emergence of relatively autonomous regional balances of power (for example between Brazil, Argentina and Chile), as well as other material factors which worked to restrain conflict - the absence of transport links, borders that were geographically removed from centres of political and economic activity, and military technologies that made it extremely difficult to bring power to bear in offensive wars of conquest.