Medicine in Society: Medicine in the age of Enlightenment
Medicine in Society: Medicine in the age of Enlightenment
复制标题
社会医学：启蒙时代的医学
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511599682.006
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发表时间：
1992
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
G. Risse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Risse
历史学者通常将启蒙运动一词分配给一个时期，该时期始于1688年英国的光荣革命，结束于1776年美国的独立宣言或1789年的法国大革命。作为欧洲的一场改革运动，新时代见证了价值观和社会政策的转变，深刻地塑造了随后的人类历史。在启蒙运动期间，最突出的信念之一是相信社会在科学和技术的帮助下取得进步和完善。在方法论方面，理性的力量--被不同地解释为数学-演绎或感性-归纳--是关于人类理解的争论的特征。启蒙运动的思想家们在人类内在的智力和道德倾向的理想的“自然”进化的旗帜下，开始反对以前的神学等级制度和社会约束。最后，自由作为一种获得幸福和实现的权利的条件与功利原则--为最大多数人带来更大的利益--结合在一起。两者都是设想中的人类机构重建的基本支柱。在与健康相关的领域，启蒙运动对医学的作用和益处建立了更为乐观的看法。在追求进步的过程中，大多数当代思想家认为健康是身体的一种自然状态，可以保持和保护。因此，他们相信，最终所有的疾病都可以被根除。
Introduction Historical scholarship usually assigns the term Enlightenment to a period which began with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England and ended either with the 1776 Declaration of Independence by the United States, or the French Revolution of 1789. As a European reform movement, the new era witnessed a shift in values and social policy that profoundly shaped subsequent human history. Among the most prominent beliefs operative during the Enlightenment was faith in the progress and perfectibility of society with the help of science and technology. On the methodological front, the power of reason – variously interpreted as mathematical —deductive or sensualist —inductive —characterized the debates concerning human understanding. A rejection of previous theological hierarchies and social constraints was initiated by Enlightenment thinkers under the banner of a desirable ‘ natural ’ evolution of the innate intellectual and moral tendencies of man. Finally, the condition of liberty as a right for the attainment of happiness and fulfilment was coupled with the principle of utility – greater benefits for the greatest number. Both constituted the fundamental pillars for the envisioned reconstruction of human institutions. In health-related fields, the Enlightenment established a much more optimistic outlook concerning the role and benefits of medicine. In their quest towards progress, most contemporary thinkers believed that health was a natural state of the body which could be maintained and protected. In turn, they were confident that, eventually all diseases could be Eradicated.