The New Class Actions in Japan
The New Class Actions in Japan
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日本的新集体诉讼
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Michael J. Madderra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Michael J. Madderra
(ProQuest：...表示省略了非US-ASCII文本。)I.JAPAN中集体诉讼的演变本评论提供了对日本集体诉讼法律的第一次彻底检查。直到最近，日本还没有正式的集体诉讼制度。1根据《日本民法典》，集体诉讼是通过合并和合并的方式非正式地处理的，但这些程序并没有被大量原告广泛使用。2虽然受害方可以与事实相似的案件合并，但这些当事人是实际出现在案件中的原告--他们不代表那些没有参加诉讼的人。？3日本没有欧洲和美国提供的简化的选择加入或选择退出制度。4虽然有关于日本以前的集体诉讼方法的研究，但由于该制度的使用有限，这类材料很少。自2000年以来，日本对其集体诉讼制度进行了现代化，5如20076年允许对消费者群体的禁令救济和2013.7年12月制定了一部新的集体诉讼法所证明的那样。日本文化倾向于优先考虑替代纠纷解决机制，如调解，而不是诉讼。8尽管日本总体上不愿提起集体诉讼和诉讼，但日本将从其新的集体诉讼制度中受益匪浅。正式的集体诉讼制度促进了司法经济，并为不受保护的消费者提供了可预测性、一致性和获得司法救济的手段。2013年12月，日本制定了一项消费者集体诉讼制度，将在未来三年内生效。9这项法律直接影响消费者从有害的商业行为和产品缺陷中恢复的能力。10此外，这项法律将对在日本与消费者做生意的公司产生重大影响。11作者认为，日本应借鉴美国判例法，为其在实施新的集体诉讼法时可能遇到的意外困难做好准备。提供一套明确的集体诉讼规则将鼓励对那些采取违背消费者利益的行为的人提起诉讼；12因此，集体诉讼制度应鼓励负责任的社会行为。在美国，等级认证制度实现了效率、一致性和消费者保护的法律目标，但它受到了争议和不同的司法解释。13美国的制度虽然不完美，但正如第四部分基础设施所解释的那样，强调了发达的集体诉讼制度的好处。第三部分介绍了日本集体诉讼的现状，以及最近通过的法律。第四部分介绍了美国的集体诉讼制度。审查美国的集体诉讼制度是适当的，因为日本在二战后的法律制度受到美国程序哲学和普通法制度的影响。14这种相似性使直接比较成为可能，这意味着在一个国家进行集体诉讼的试验可以促进另一个国家的创新。第四部分还审查了美国法院最近在解释自己的集体诉讼法律时遇到的困难。通过研究美国法官在解释集体诉讼法律时面临的问题，日本可以为类似的挑战做好准备。在第五部分，这一评论解释了日本新的集体诉讼法律如何提供了使消费者受益的独特机会。最后，这一评论表明，日本的新法律，其分叉的结构，可能为解决美国集体诉讼中存在的一些问题提供了一个蓝图。2.日本法律体系这一部分讨论了日本法律体系的结构。这一部分首先考察了日本的宪法和法院制度。尽管日本文化历来被认为不愿提起诉讼，但这种看法正在慢慢改变。…
(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)I. THE EVOLUTION OF CLASS ACTIONS IN JAPANThis comment provides the first thorough examination of class action law in Japan. Until recently, there was no formalized system of class action lawsuits in Japan.1 Class action lawsuits were informally processed through the use of joinder and consolidation under the Japanese civil code, but these processes were not widely used for large numbers of plaintiffs.2 Although injured parties could join cases with similar facts, such parties were plaintiffs who actually appeared in the case-they did not represent those ?who did not join in the lawsuit.?3 Japan did not have the simplified opt-in or opt-out systems available in Europe and the United States. 4 While research is available on Japan's previous group litigation methods, such material is sparse due to the system's limited use.Since 2000, Japan modernized its class action system, 5 as demonstrated by the allowance of injunctive relief for groups of consumers in 20076 and the creation of a new class action law in December 2013.7 This modernization has not come without resistance. Japanese culture tends to prioritize alternate dispute resolution mechanisms, such as mediation, rather than litigation.8 Despite this reluctance towards class action and litigation generally, Japan will benefit greatly from its new class action system. A formal class action system promotes judicial economy and provides predictability, consistency, and a means for unprotected consumers to obtain judicial remedy. In December 2013, Japan codified a consumer class action system that is set to take effect within the next three years. 9 This law directly impacts consumers' ability to recover from harmful business practices and product defects. 10 Additionally, this law will significantly impact corporations doing business with consumers in Japan.11This author argues that Japan should look to U.S. case law to prepare for unexpected difficulties it may encounter in implementing its new class action law. Providing a defined set of class action rules will encourage lawsuits against those that take actions adverse to consumers' interests;12 the class action system should thus encourage responsible social behavior. In the United States, the class certification system effectuates the legal goals of efficiency, consistency, and consumer protection, but it is subject to controversy and divergent judicial interpretation.13 The U.S. system, while not perfect, highlights the benefits of a developed class action system, as explained in Part IV, infra.This comment begins in Part II by introducing the history of class action litigation in Japan. Part III describes the current state of class action lawsuits in Japan, as well as the recently passed law. Part IV explains the class action system used in the United States. Examining the U.S. class action system is appropriate because Japan's legal system post-World War II was influenced by American procedural philosophy and the common law system.14 This similarity makes direct comparisons possible, and means that the experiments with class actions in one country could inform innovation in the other. Part IV also examines recent difficulties that American courts have faced in interpreting their own class action laws. By examining the issues U.S. judges have faced in interpreting class action law, Japan can prepare itself for similar challenges. In Part V, this comment explains how Japan's new class action law provides a unique opportunity to benefit consumers. Lastly, this comment suggests that Japan's new law, with its bifurcated structure, may provide a blueprint to resolve some of the issues present in U.S. class action litigation.II. THE JAPANESE LEGAL SYSTEMThis Part discusses the Japanese legal system's structure. First, this Part looks at Japan's Constitution and court system. Though Japanese culture has historically been considered reluctant towards litigation,15 that perception is slowly changing. …
推动和塑造日本法律培训改革的力量
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
Australian Journal of Asian Law 7・3
影响因子：
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作者：
Foote;Daniel H.
通讯作者：
Daniel H.