Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract
Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract
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DOI：
10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.006
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Byard, Roger W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kostakis, Chris;Byard, Roger W.
一名 24 岁男性在静脉注射据信是环状衍生物安非他明“摇头丸”(MDMA) 后突然死亡。然而，对受害者血液和注射物质的毒理学分析并未发现摇头丸，而是显示出低含量的蟾蜍替宁（一种在各种蟾蜍分泌物中发现的色胺衍生物生物碱）。此外，在注射材料中还发现了resibufogenin、华蟾毒精和蟾蜍灵（bufadienolides），这些蟾蜍二烯内酯也存在于蟾蜍毒液中。虽然这些物质也存在于某些南美植物中，但对乙酰氨基酚、异丙嗪和双氯芬酸的发现与传统中草药产品“蟾素”中发现的成分一致，“蟾素”源自蟾蜍的皮肤腺和分泌物，并且经常与标准药品掺假。该案例说明了街头毒品和草药的未知成分可能给使用者和销售者带来的问题，以及注射此类物质可能带来的危险。它还表明，尝试识别死后标本中低水平的有机毒素可能存在困难，因此需要根据死亡现场获得的信息采取有针对性的筛查方法。 (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. 保留所有权利。
A 24-year-old male died suddenly following the intravenous injection of what was believed to be the ring-derivate amphetamine 'ecstasy' (MDMA). Toxicological analyses of the victim's blood and the injected material, however, failed to reveal MDMA, but showed instead low levels of bufotenine, a tryptamine derivative alkaloid found in the secretions of various toads. In addition, resibufogenin, cinobufagin and bufalin, bufadienolides that are also found in toad venom, were identified in the injected material. While these substances also occur in certain South American plants, the finding of paracetamol, promethazine and diclofenac would be in keeping with ingredients found in the traditional Chinese herbal product Chan Su that derives from the skin glands and secretions of toads and that is often adulterated with standard pharmaceutical drugs. This case demonstrates the problems that users and sellers may encounter from the unknown composition of street drugs and herbal medicines, and the danger that may be incurred from the injection of such materials. It also shows the difficulties that may be associated with attempting to identify low levels of organic toxins in postmortem specimens necessitating a targeted screening approach guided by information obtained at the death scene. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.