Physicochemical parameters associated with nanoparticle formation in the salting-out, emulsification-diffusion, and nanoprecipitation methods
Physicochemical parameters associated with nanoparticle formation in the salting-out, emulsification-diffusion, and nanoprecipitation methods
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DOI：
10.1023/b:pham.0000036917.75634.be
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发表时间：
2004-08-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Doelker, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Galindo-Rodriguez, S;Allémann, E;Doelker, E
目的。这项工作的目的是将用于纳米颗粒（NP）制备的水相和有机相的物理化学性质与通过盐析、乳化扩散和纳米沉淀法生产的NP的形成联系起来。选择甲基丙烯酸共聚物和聚乙烯醇（PVAL）分别作为NP聚合物和乳化剂。通过改变PVAL在水相中的含量，制备了盐析和乳化扩散NP批。在纳米沉淀法中，聚合物的含量和有机相中溶剂的种类不同都会产生NP。对于盐析和乳化扩散，从乳化理论的角度讨论了NP的形成。通过扫描电镜观察了制备过程中得到的纳米乳。用于NP制备的水相和有机相的粘度和表面张力表征。NP的特征，如颗粒的平均尺寸、表面活性剂的残留量、冷冻干燥后在水中的悬浮性和形貌等，都是根据这些特性来解释的。对于纳米沉淀，考虑了扩散-链结现象，分析了NP的形成。通过盐析和乳化扩散形成NP与PVAL链在液滴界面（例如界面张力降低、机械稳定和空间稳定）和体溶液（水动力稳定）中的相互作用有关。对于纳米沉淀，有机相溶剂的chi（溶剂-水）和delta（溶剂-水）与NP特性密切相关。
Purpose. The aim of this work was to relate the physicochemical properties of the aqueous and organic phases used for nanoparticle (NP) preparation to the formation of NP produced by salting-out, emulsification-diffusion, and nanoprecipitation.Methods. Methacrylic acid copolymer and poly( vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) were selected as NP polymer and emulsifying agent, respectively. Salting-out and emulsification-diffusion NP batches were prepared modifying the PVAL content in the aqueous phase. For nanoprecipitation, NP were produced with variation of the polymer content and type of solvent in the organic phase.Results. For salting-out and emulsification-diffusion, NP formation was discussed in terms of the emulsification theory. The nanoemulsion obtained during NP preparation was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Aqueous and organic phases used for NP preparation were characterized by their viscosity and surface tension. NP characteristics such as particle mean size, residual surfactant, suspendability in water after freeze-drying, and morphology were explained in terms of these properties. For nanoprecipitation, NP formation was analyzed considering the diffusion-stranding phenomenon.Conclusions. NP formation by salting-out and emulsification-diffusion was related to PVAL chain interactions at the droplet interface (e.g., reduction in the interfacial tension, mechanical stabilization, and steric stabilization) and in the bulk solution ( hydrodynamic stabilization). For nanoprecipitation, chi(solvent-water) and Deltadelta(solvent-water) of the organic phase solvents were well related to the NP characteristics.