Can receiver psychology explain the evolution of aposematism?
Can receiver psychology explain the evolution of aposematism?
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DOI：
10.1006/anbe.2000.1558
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Speed, MP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Speed, MP
失语症的进化很难解释，因为：(1)新的失语型在捕食者教育过程中相对罕见，因此有灭绝的危险；(2)失语型缺乏密码的保护，因此似乎会招致攻击。我描述了一种简单的方法来评估罕见的失语变体是否可能因其对捕食者心理的影响而选择性地受益。使用一个模拟的虚拟捕食者，我考虑了分散的和聚集的变形可能产生的优势，如果无位置的猎物可以引起新的恐惧症，加速回避学习和减慢捕食者遗忘的速度。模拟表明，除非有特定的生态和心理因素的组合，否则很难解释无融合现象。如果猎物分散在一个地方，那么只有在(1)有新的恐惧症、学习效果和遗忘，或者如果(2)有学习效果和警告信号降低遗忘率的情况下，才会支持无遗忘症。然而，当猎物聚集在一起时，最好的情况是学习速度、健忘和新恐惧症。猎物聚集有两个重要的影响。首先，这是最大化新恐惧症人均收益的一种非常有效的方式。其次，在对单个猎物发动攻击后，习得厌恶的好处将立即被赋予聚集中幸存的成员，而不会冲淡遗忘的影响。因此，聚合提供了很好的防止遗忘的保护。因此，这些模拟提供了对错位保护的复杂性的新的见解，并为实证工作提出了一些重要的方向。(C)2001年动物行为研究协会。
The evolution of aposematism is difficult to explain because: (1) new aposematic morphs will be relatively rare and thus risk extinction during predator education; and (2) aposematic morphs lack the protection of crypsis, and thus appear to invite attacks. I describe a simple method for evaluating whether rare aposematic morphs may be selectively advantaged by their effects on predator psychologies. Using a simulated virtual predator, I consider the advantages that might accrue to dispersed and aggregated morphs if aposematic prey can cause neophobic avoidance, accelerate avoidance learning and decelerate predator forgetting. Simulations show that aposematism is very hard to explain unless there are particular combinations of ecological and psychological factors. If prey are dispersed throughout a locality then aposematism will be favoured only if (1) there is neophobia, learning effects and forgetting or if (2) there are learning effects and warning signals reduce forgetting rates. However, the best scenario for aposematic advantage involves learning rates, forgetting and neophobia when prey are aggregated. Prey aggregation has two important effects. First, it is a highly effective way to maximize the per capita benefits of the neophobia. Second, after an attack on a single prey the benefits of learnt aversions will be immediately conferred on the surviving members of an aggregation without the diluting effects of forgetting. Aggregation therefore provides good protection against forgetting. The simulations thus provide new insights into the complexities of aposematic protection and suggest some important directions for empirical work. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.