Bunaq: A Papuan Language of Central Timor
Bunaq: A Papuan Language of Central Timor
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Bunaq：中帝汶的巴布亚语言
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
A. Schapper
中科院分区：
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作者：
A. Schapper
本论文描述了布纳克语，这是一种巴布亚语言，居住在帝汶岛中部山区，约有 80,000 人使用该语言。讲布纳克语的人横跨印度尼西亚西帝汶和独立的东帝汶（东帝汶）之间的边界。本论文主要研究印尼语 Lamaknen 的 Kecamatan 中所说的 Bunaq 的变化。本论文涵盖的语法领域包括音韵学（eh. 2）、词类（eh. 3）、从句结构（ch. 4）、名词短语（ch. 5）、代词和人称指代（eh. 6）、限定词（ch. 7）、方位词（ch. 8）、名词所有（ch. 9）、动词（ch. 10）、价态变化和顺应（ch. 10）。 11）、后置词和动词后置词（第 12 章）、系列动词结构（第 13 章）、副词和动词修饰语（第 14 章）。 Bunaq 是一种中心标记语言，具有基本的 APV/SV 词序和后置词。词序显示出大量的语用变化，并且对非施事从句中的人称和生命等因素也很敏感。虽然 Bunaq 是一种 APV/SV 语言，但它并不是严格意义上的动词终结语言。动词后面有许多元素，包括三价动词的主位论元、否定助词和体助词。 Bunaq 元音音素清单由五个基元音和三个音素双元音组成，而辅音音素的数量在 12 到 16 个之间变化，具体取决于方言。辅音丛在很大程度上被禁止，尾声也受到限制。重音不是音位的。形态语音过程包括复分解和不规则根突变。该语言是孤立的，唯一的形态是一组出现在动词和名词上的人称前缀。在动词上，他们标记 P，很少标记 S； A 没有动词词缀。根据 P 的语法名词类 ANIMACY，P 在动词上有区别地标记。在名词上，人称前缀标记拥有者。 NP 主要是中心词首字母。名词中心词后面是关系从句、数词、名词、限定词，前面是方位词和属主词。名词类是名词的隐性属性，反映在限定词和动词前缀一致中。这两个名词类别是有生命的和无生命的。自由代词标记了人称、数字（单数、双数、复数）和独占性，但未标记语法角色。 Bunaq 有一套精心设计的指示元素，包括六个限定词和八个方位词。它们用于定位、识别和跟踪空间、时间和话语中的所指对象，并标记一系列实用含义。布纳克区分了可转让和不可转让的所有者。不可剥夺的拥有者通过复合表达，并直接用人称前缀标记在拥有的名词上。可转让的占有者通过短语表达并间接标记在自由占有者分类器上。 Bunaq 广泛使用动词序列来表达方式、原因和方面等。一组屈折“动词”后置词用于向从句添加外围 NP。复杂的事件由并列或通过连词链接的协调从句来表达。本土连词是从句结尾，借用连词是从句开头；它们经常组合起来“括号”一个从属子句。尾头联动很常见。
This thesis is a description of Bunaq, a Papuan language spoken by approximately 80,000 people living in the central mountainoiis region of the island of Timor. Bunaq speakers straddle the border between Indonesian West Timor and independent East Timor (Timor-Leste). This thesis concentrates on the variety of Bunaq spoken in the Indonesian kecamatan of Lamaknen. The areas of grammar covered in this thesis are phonology (eh. 2), word classes (eh. 3), clause structure (ch. 4), noun phrases (ch. 5), pronouns and person reference (eh. 6), determiners (ch. 7), locationals (ch. 8), adnominal possession (ch. 9), verbs (ch. 10), valency changing and deponency (ch. 11), postposition and verbal postpositions (ch. 12), serial verb constructions (ch. 13), adverbs and verbal modifiers (ch. 14). Bunaq is a head-marking language with a basic APV/SV word order and postpositions. Word order shows a significant amount of pragmatic variation, and is also sensitive to factors such as person and animacy in non-agentive clauses. Whilst Bunaq is an APV/SV language, it is not strictly verb-final. Many elements follow the verb, including the theme argument of a trivalent verb, the negative particle and aspect particles. The Bunaq vowel phoneme inventory consists of the five cardinal vowels and three phonemic diphthongs, while the number of consonant phonemes varying between 12 and 16 depending on the dialect. Consonant clusters are largely prohibited and codas are restricted. Stress is not phonemic. Morphophonological processes include metathesis and irregular root mutations. The language is isolating with the only morphology being a single set of person prefixes, occurring on verbs and nouns. On verbs, they mark P and less often S; there is no verbal affixation of A. Ps are differentially marked on the verb according to the grammatical noun class ANIMACY of the P. On nouns, person prefixes mark possessors. The NP is predominantly head-initial. Noun heads are followed by relative clauses, numerals, nouns, determiners, but preceded by locationals and possessors. Noun class is a covert property of nouns reflected in determiner and verbal prefix agreement. The two noun classes are animate and inanimate. Free pronouns are marked for person, number (singular, dual, plural) and clusivity, but are unmarked for grammatical role. Bunaq has an elaborate set of deictic elements, including six determiners and eight locationals. They are used to locate, identify and track referents in space, time and discourse, and to mark an array of pragmatic meanings. Bunaq distinguishes between alienable and inalienable possessors. Inalienable possessors are expressed by compounding and marked directly on the possessed noun with person prefixes. Alienable possessors are expressed by phrasally and marked indirectly on a free possessor classifier. Bunaq makes extensive use of verb serialisation to express, for instance, manner, cause and aspect. A set of inflecting ‘verbal’ postpositions is used to add peripheral NPs to clauses. Complex events are expressed by coordinated clauses, either juxtaposed or linked by a conjunction. Indigenous conjunctions are clause-final, borrowed ones are clause-initial; they often combine to ‘bracket’ a dependent clause. Tail-head linkage is common.