Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses
Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001
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发表时间：
2009-06-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Moser, Klaus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Paul, Karsten I.;Moser, Klaus
运用元分析方法，通过237项横断面研究和87项纵向研究，考察了失业对心理健康的影响。总体效应的平均大小为d=0.51，失业者比就业者表现出更多的痛苦。心理健康的几个指标变量(苦恼、抑郁、焦虑、心身症状、主观幸福感和自尊的混合症状)存在显著差异。在失业者中，有心理问题的人平均为34%，而在有工作的人中，这一比例为16%。主持人分析显示，男性和蓝领工作的人比女性和白领工作的人更受失业的困扰。还确定了失业持续时间的线性和曲线缓和效应。此外，与其他国家相比，在经济发展水平较弱、收入分配不平等或失业保护制度薄弱的国家，失业对心理健康的负面影响更大。对纵向研究和自然实验的荟萃分析证实了这样一种假设，即失业不仅与痛苦有关，而且还会导致痛苦。较旧的荟萃分析的纵向结果似乎不一致，可以用重新测试的伪像来解释。我们也发现了在失业和求职过程中与心理健康相关的选择效应，但它们都很弱。35个针对失业人员的干预方案被发现在改善持续失业人员中与失业相关的痛苦方面是适度有效的。(C)2009 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
The effect of unemployment on mental health was examined with meta-analytic methods across 237 cross-sectional and 87 longitudinal studies. The average overall effect size was d = 0.51 with unemployed persons showing more distress than employed persons. A significant difference was found for several indicator variables of mental health (mixed symptoms of distress, depression, anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms, subjective well-being, and self esteem). The average number of persons with psychological problems among the unemployed was 34%, compared to 16% among employed individuals. Moderator analyses demonstrated that men and people with blue-collar-jobs were more distressed by unemployment than women and people with white-collar jobs. Linear and curvilinear moderating effects of the duration of unemployment were also identified. Furthermore, the negative effect of unemployment on mental health was stronger in countries with a weak level of economic development, unequal income distributions, or weak unemployment protection systems compared to other countries. Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies and natural experiments endorsed the assumption that unemployment is not only correlated to distress but also causes it. Seemingly inconsistent longitudinal results of older meta-analyses can be explained by retest artifacts. We also identified mental-health related selection effects during job loss and job search, but they are weak. With an effect size of d = -.35 intervention programs for unemployed people were found to be moderately effective in ameliorating unemployment-related distress among continuously unemployed persons. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.