ON THE HISTORY OF DEFORMATION PHOSPHENES AND THE IDEA OF INTERNAL LIGHT GENERATED IN THE EYE FOR THE PURPOSE OF VISION
ON THE HISTORY OF DEFORMATION PHOSPHENES AND THE IDEA OF INTERNAL LIGHT GENERATED IN THE EYE FOR THE PURPOSE OF VISION
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00165665
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发表时间：
1990-02-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
HAGNER, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GRUSSER, OJ;HAGNER, M
变形光幻视是眼球在完全黑暗中变形引起的光感觉。它们首先在公元前世纪由Croton的Alcmaeon在西方文献中报道。变形光幻视的现象有助于促使一些前苏格拉底哲学家和柏拉图构思出这样的想法，即传出光是从眼睛发出的，目的是为了视觉，并且通过与外部光的相互作用形成“视锥”。在视觉理论中，视锥作为信号发挥了重要作用-变形光幻视实验对视觉观念的影响可以追溯到古希腊时期，罗马统治时期和盖伦的医学教育时期，直到中世纪和晚期。文艺复兴时期，根据菲利克斯·普拉特（Felix Platter）对眼睛的解剖，约翰内斯·开普勒（Johannes Kepler）首次正确描述了视网膜上的图像形成。在接下来的几代人中，变形光幻视仍然被用作捍卫视觉理论的重要论点。然而，眼球变形产生的物理光的想法在17世纪和18世纪被越来越多地拒绝。讨论了关于这一主题的文献，包括公元9世纪和10世纪阿拉伯哲学家和医生的贡献，方济各会和多米尼加哲学家的第13世纪，尼古拉斯cusanus的第15世纪，几个解剖学家的第16和17世纪，开普勒，Plempius，笛卡尔，波义耳，牛顿和其他人。在开普勒之后，眼球变形直接作用于视网膜而导致变形光幻视的力学解释逐渐占据主导地位，物理光在眼睛中产生的想法消失了。乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·莫尔加尼（Giovanni Battista Morgagni，1682-1771）进行了这方面的十字架实验，乔治·奥古斯特·朗古特（Georg August Langguth，1711-1782）重复并扩展了这一实验。根据他们的研究结果，通过变形在眼睛中产生物理光的情况被明确驳斥，并慢慢从科学文献中消失。在19世纪和20世纪，变形光幻视被用作感觉器官受到不充分刺激所引起的知觉的一个有启发性的例子。J.E. Prkyne对变形光幻视的研究做出了特别的贡献，最后在1978年，F.泰勒对单眼和双眼变形光幻视之间的差异进行了仔细的研究。最后，根据单个视网膜神经节细胞活动的微电极记录，对变形光幻视的神经生理学解释进行了一些评论，并添加到历史报告中。
Deformation phosphenesare light sensations evoked by deformation of the eyeball in total darkness. They were first reported in Western literature by Alcmaeon of Croton in the fifth century B.C. The phenomenon of deformation phosphenes was instrumental in prompting some pre-Socratic philosophers and Plato to conceive the idea that efferent light is emitted from the eye for the purpose of vision and a ‘cone of vision’ is formed by interaction with the external light. In the theories of vision this cone of vision played an important role as a signal-transmitting structure and was also used by the Greek opticians as a geometrical construction to explain optical properties of vision.The impact of the deformation phosphene experiment on the ideas of visual sensation can be followed from Greek antiquity through the period of Roman dominance and Galen’s medical teaching on to medieval times and up to the late Renaissance when, based on the anatomy of the eye as illustrated by Felix Platter, the image formation on the retina was correctly described for the first time by Johannes Kepler. In the generations following, deformation phosphenes were still employed as an important argument in defence of the theories of vision. However, the idea of physical light generated by eyeball deformation was rejected with increasing frequency during the 17th and 18th centuries. The literature on this topic is discussed, comprising the contributions of the Arabic philosophers and physicians of the 9th and 10th centuries A.D., the Franciscan and Dominican philosophers of the 13th century, Nicolaus Cusanus of the 15th century, several anatomists of the 16th and 17th centuries, Kepler, Plempius, Descartes, Boyle, Newton and others. After Kepler, the mechanical interpretation of the deformation phosphene being caused by direct action of the eyeball deformation onto the retina slowly became dominant, and the idea that physical light is generated in the eye disappeared.Theexperimentum crucisin this matter was performed byGiovanni Battista Morgagni(1682–1771) and repeated and extended byGeorg August Langguth(1711–1782). On the basis of their results, the case for physical light being generated in the eye by deformation was refuted definitively and slowly vanished thereafter from scientific literature. Deformation phosphenes were used in the 19th and 20th centuries as an instructive example of the percepts evoked by inadequate stimulation of a sense organ. J.E. Pǔrkyne in particular contributed to the study of deformation phosphenes, and finally in 1978, F. Tyler devoted a careful study to the differences between monocular and binocular deformation phosphenes. Finally some remarks on theneurophysiologicalinterpretation of deformation phosphenes, based on microelectrode recordings of the activity of single retinal ganglion cells, are added to the historical report.