Postcolonial American Studies
Postcolonial American Studies
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后殖民美国研究
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发表时间：
2004
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通讯作者：
M. Schueller
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作者：
M. Schueller
仇外情绪和强制性爱国主义的高涨，以及许多知识分子在911悲剧事件后团结在“西方”价值观的背后，都痛苦地表明了通过后殖民研究的透镜来审视美国文化的必要性。反复援引我们的文明与他们的野蛮之间的差异，恳求“新帝国主义”，并呼吁恢复19世纪的殖民主义，现在美国取代了英国和法国，这充分证明了后殖民理论对美国文化研究的适用性不应该再成为辩论的主题。哈特和奈格里关于当代世界是一个非本土化的、非帝国主义的帝国时代的假设肯定正在受到考验（xiv，134）。尽管如此，尽管目前可能需要对美国文学和文化进行后殖民理解，但后殖民分析与美国研究的相关性并不总是明确的。毕竟，在第三世界知识分子（如艾姆·塞泽尔、弗朗茨·法农和乔治·拉明）撰写激进的反殖民主义论文，质疑现代性的人性和普遍性的时候，美国研究的主要文本正在巩固美国的例外论。爱德华·赛义德的《东方主义》（1978）被广泛认为是后殖民研究领域的开创者。巴巴、斯皮瓦克、帕里、古哈等学者对后殖民研究的主要问题进行了阐述。这些问题包括对西方文本作为殖民话语的分析，对殖民者的表征的调查，对前殖民者文学中抵抗殖民的形式的研究，以及新殖民主义、买办土著和底层代表的问题。然而，尽管修正主义的历史，如R。W.尽管货车阿尔斯泰恩的《崛起中的美利坚帝国》（1960）和卡尔·埃布伦的《第一和第二个美利坚帝国》（1967），以及后来的著作，如理查德·德里农的《面向西方：仇恨印第安人和帝国建设的形而上学》（1980），从一开始就证明了帝国主义是民族认同的核心，但大部分美国研究仍然非常孤立，从而加强了对帝国主义的研究。
The heightened climate of xenophobia and compulsory patriotism, as well as the rallying together behind "Western" values by many intellectuals in the aftermath of the tragic events of September 11, makes painfully clear the necessity of interrogating US culture through the lens of postcolonial studies. Repeated invocations of differences between our civilization and their barbarity, entreaties for a "new imperialism," and calls for reinstating a nineteenthcentury type of colonialism, now with the US replacing Britain and France, are ample proof that the suitability of postcolonial theory to the study of US culture should no longer be a subject of debate.' Hardt and Negri's postulation of the contemporary world as the age of unlocalized, nonimperialist empire is surely being tested (xiv, 134). Nevertheless, although the present moment might warrant a postcolonial understanding of US literature and culture, the relevance of postcolonial analyses to American studies has not always been clear. After all, the master-texts of American studies were consolidating American exceptionalism at the very moment that radical anticolonialist treatises questioning the humanity and universality of modernity were being written by Third World intellectuals such as Aim6 C6saire, Frantz Fanon, and George Lamming. Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) is widely credited for having inaugurated the field of postcolonial studies, and with Homi K. Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak, Benita Parry, Ranajit Guha, and the subaltern studies scholars, the major questions of postcolonial studies were laid out. These questions included the analysis of Western texts as colonial discourse, the investigation of representations of the colonized, the study of forms of resistance to colonization in the literature of the formerly colonized, and issues of neocolonialism, comprador natives, and subaltern representation. Yet despite revisionist histories such as R. W. Van Alstyne's The Rising American Empire (1960) and Carl Eblen's The First and Second American Empires (1967), and later works such as Richard Drinnon's Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building (1980), which demonstrated imperialism as central to national identity from the beginning, much of American studies remained remarkably insular, thus reinforcing