Cumulative organophosphate pesticide exposure and risk assessment among pregnant women living in an agricultural community: A case study from the CHAMACOS cohort
Cumulative organophosphate pesticide exposure and risk assessment among pregnant women living in an agricultural community: A case study from the CHAMACOS cohort
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.5887
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发表时间：
2003-10-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Eskenazi, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Castorina, R;Bradman, A;Eskenazi, B
在加州的萨利纳斯山谷，每年大约使用230，000公斤有机磷农药。这些活动引起了对该地区居民暴露的关注。我们收集了三个现场尿液样本的孕妇（1999年至2001年）参加CHAMACOS（中心的母亲和萨利纳斯儿童的健康评估），纵向出生队列研究，并分析了他们的六个二烷基磷酸代谢物。我们使用446名孕妇的尿液，用两种确定性稳态建模方法估计OP农药剂量：方法1，假设代谢物完全归因于单一的二乙基或二甲基OP农药;以及方法2，美国环境保护署（美国环保署）累积风险评估准则草案，以估计具有共同毒性机制的有机磷农药混合物的剂量。我们使用萨利纳斯山谷的农药使用报告数据来近似妇女接触的混合物。根据假定暴露于单一有机磷农药的有机磷农药平均剂量估计值（方法1），相对于美国环保署口服基准剂量（10）（BMD 10），0%至36.1%的研究参与者剂量未能达到100的暴露范围（莫伊），这取决于对母体化合物的假设。这些BMD 10值是与大鼠的背景反应相比，预期使脑胆碱酯酶活性降低10%的剂量。考虑到参与者的平均累积OP农药剂量估计值（方法2），无论选择何种指数化学品，我们发现14.8%的剂量未能达到相对于所选指数的BMD 10的莫伊100。农药混合物参数的不确定性分析，这是外推的农药应用数据的研究领域，而不是直接量化的每一个人，这表明，这一点的估计值可以从1%到34%。在未来的分析中，我们将使用农药特定的尿液代谢物，当可用时，以评估累积的OP农药暴露。
Approximately 230,000 kg of organophosphate (OP) pesticides are applied annually in California's Salinas Valley. These activities have raised concerns about exposures to area residents. We collected three spot urine samples from pregnant women (between 1999 and 2001) enrolled in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a longitudinal birth cohort study, and analyzed them for six dialkyl phosphate metabolites. We used urine from 446 pregnant women to estimate OP pesticide doses with two deterministic steady-state modeling methods: method 1, which assumed the metabolites were attributable entirely to a single diethyl or dimethyl OP pesticide; and method 2, which adapted U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) draft guidelines for cumulative risk assessment to estimate dose from a mixture of OP pesticides that share a common mechanism of toxicity. We used pesticide use reporting data for the Salinas Valley to approximate the mixture to which the women were exposed. Based on average OP pesticide dose estimates that assumed exposure to a single OP pesticide (method 1), between 0% and 36.1% of study participants' doses failed to attain a margin of exposure (MOE) of 100 relative to the U.S. EPA oral benchmark dose(10) (BMD10), depending on the assumption made about the parent compound. These BMD10 values are doses expected to produce a 10% reduction in brain cholinesterase activity compared with background response in rats. Given the participants' average cumulative OP pesticide dose estimates (method 2) and regardless of the index chemical selected, we found that 14.8% of the doses failed to attain an MOE of 100 relative to the BMD10 of the selected index. An uncertainty analysis of the pesticide mixture parameter, which is extrapolated from pesticide application data for the study area and not directly quantified for each individual, suggests that this point estimate could range from 1 to 34%. In future analyses, we will use pesticide-specific urinary metabolites, when available, to evaluate cumulative OP pesticide exposures.