The Bronzes of Luristan
The Bronzes of Luristan
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鲁里斯坦的青铜器
DOI：
10.2307/1784150
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发表时间：
1932
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Freya Stark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Freya Stark
人们对卢里斯坦的青铜器知之甚少，考古学家和历史学家对它们的兴趣也是如此之大，以至于任何有幸进入这个鲜为人知的国家的人都有理由讲述自己的经历。去年10月，我得以从尼哈万德穿过瓦拉赞山口到哈瓦，再从那里到阿利什塔，再经过哈瓦进入迪尔凡，从迪尔凡经查瓦里经过杜利斯坎到达图达鲁，图达鲁目前似乎是该地区警察的南界；从那里我沿着吉扎鲁河向南骑了半天，然后爬上一个小山谷，在地图上至今还没有名字，我发现这是康加维里河，通向萨里卡什蒂，鲁里斯坦青铜器的北部中心，那里到处都是被掠夺的古代墓地。我没有机会看到实际上只有一个坟墓被打开，我也不是发展关于它们的理论的专家，但把我能注意到的或发现的一切写下来，留给更有能力得出结论的人去做，可能会很有用。我已经在其他地方写下了关于实际旅行和它的冒险的记述，我将把自己局限于与坟墓和它们可能的历史有关的事情上。人们的特别兴趣集中在那些据说含有马和战车装饰的坟墓上，因为使用这些东西的人的起源可能会为马进入波斯提供线索。当这些青铜器第一次出现在市场上时，部落成员越过卢里斯坦山口，带到克尔曼沙或哈辛，人们认为阿利什塔尔和哈瓦平原将是这个养马国家的故乡；因为在1836年H·罗林森爵士游行并看到这些平原后，这些平原被认为是阿契美尼亚国王的尼赛亚牧场。但是，虽然这两个平原上散布着古老的土丘和墓地，但我在那里找不到任何属于马的东西，也没有发现里面有马骨的坟墓。在Khava一个叫Qal‘a Kafrash的村庄旁边有一个土堆，在那里我发现了一块早期伊斯兰彩绘器皿的碎片，浅绿色背景下的阿拉伯雕刻。在贝拉还有另一个土堆，也是在卡瓦，在那里发现了一把青铜匕首。在Khava的南部，Cheha Husein的大土堆周围有墓地，人们告诉我在那里发现了青铜器；然而，没有更精致的卢里斯坦作品与雕刻的面具和动物，也没有任何马具的方式。在阿利什塔，情况也是如此。阿利什塔尔古城遗址到处都是一种奇特的墓碑，大约5英尺乘2英尺，周围有一幅装饰品或阿拉伯文字的卷轴，每个角落都有一个雕刻的旋钮；在它们附近的地面上，人们可以捡到伊斯兰釉器的碎片；人们可以在阿利什塔尔的其他地方发现这些墓碑，例如在Deh Ram老村庄。有一个传统是，在废墟城市的遗址上，几年前还存在着一座古老的宣礼塔，当时政府军正在摧毁米尔·阿里·汗的权力，将其夷为平地，作为叛军可能的据点：从描述中我能够获得这座宣礼塔肯定是类似萨维的，一个用装饰砖覆盖的普通管状建筑：砖块仍然散落在地上；遗址似乎
SO little is known about the bronzes of Luristan, and their interest to the archaeologist and historian is so great, that any one who has had the good fortune to enter at all into that little-known country is justified in recounting his experiences. I was able to travel last October from Nihavand over the Varazan pass to Khava, thence to Alishtar, back again through Khava into Dilfan, and from Dilfan by Chavari through Duliskan to Tudaru, which seems to be at present the southern limit for the police of the district; thence I went south half a day's ride along the Gizarud and up a little valley, hitherto unnamed on the maps, which I discovered to be that of the Kangaveri river, leading to Sari Kashti, the northern centre for the Luristan bronzes, in a landscape full of ancient looted cemeteries. I had no opportunity to see more than one grave actually being opened, and I am no expert to develop theories about them, but it may be useful to put down all I could notice or discover, and leave it to minds better equipped to draw conclusions. I have written elsewhere the account of the actual travelling and its adventures, and will confine myself to what concerns the graves and their possible history. Special interest has been centred on those graves which are said to contain the trappings of horses and chariots, for the origins of the people who used such things may throw light on the coming of the horse into Persia. When the bronzes first appeared on the market, carried by tribesmen over the Luristan passes to Kermanshah or to Harsin, it was thought that the plains of Alishtar and Khava would be the home of this horse-breeding nation; for these plains were supposed, after Sir H. Rawlinson marched across and saw them in 1836, to be the Nisaian pasture lands of the Achaemenian kings. But though the two plains are sprinkled with old mounds and cemeteries, I could find nothing there belonging to a horse, nor had any grave with a horse's skeleton inside it been found there. There is a mound by a village called Qal'a Kafrash in Khava where I found a shard of early Islamic painted ware, a carved arabesque on pale green background. There is another mound at Beira, also in Khava, where a bronze dagger had been found. In the south of Khava there are graveyards round the great mound of Cheha Husein, and the people told me that bronzes had been found there; nothing however of the more elaborate kind of Luristan work with carved masks and animals, and nothing in the way of harness. In Alishtar it was the same. The site of the ancient city of Alishtar is full of gravestones of a peculiar kind, about 5 feet by 2 feet, with a scroll of ornament or Arabic script running round them, and a carved knob at each corner; near them on the ground one may pick up fragments of Islamic glazed ware; and one comes upon these tombstones elsewhere in Alishtar, at the old village of Deh Ram for instance. There is the tradition that, on the site of the ruined city, an old minaret still existed a few years ago when the Government troops, who were destroying the power of Mir Ali Khan, razed it to the ground as a possible stronghold for rebels: from the descriptions I was able to obtain this minaret must have been something like that of Saveh, a plain tubular shape covered with ornamented brickwork: the bricks are still lying about; the site seems to