Carrying the Pox: The Use of Children and Ideals of Childhood in Early British and Imperial Campaigns Against Smallpox
Carrying the Pox: The Use of Children and Ideals of Childhood in Early British and Imperial Campaigns Against Smallpox
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携带天花：英国和帝国早期抗击天花运动中对儿童的利用和童年理想
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
Lydia D. Murdoch
中科院分区：
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作者：
Lydia D. Murdoch
最近的学术研究在天花接种和疫苗接种的历史上做了很多工作，但是用于将活淋巴液从一个地方运送到另一个地方的人类携带者需要更多的关注。他们中的大多数都是儿童，他们的历史证明了儿童的新概念如何在医学发展和全球帝国网络的扩展中发挥作用。本文从世纪蒙塔古夫人在英国推广牛痘接种开始，到19世纪初英国将牛痘接种推广到南亚和东亚，考察了传播抗天花技术的儿童。儿童天真无邪的新理念帮助建立了接种和疫苗接种作为安全有效的治疗方法，跨越了种族，阶级和地方的区别。然而，与此同时，医疗专业人员在儿童的身体上重新刻上了阶级和种族的等级制度。从天花中拯救出来的精英白色儿童尤其与父母和家庭亲情的理想联系在一起，而工人阶级、孤儿和土著儿童则更多地扮演着国家儿童的角色--疫苗物质和自由帝国主义理想的试验对象和全球携带者。
Recent scholarship has done much to advance the history of smallpox inoculation and vaccination, but the human carriers used to convey the live lymph from place to place call for more attention. Most were children, and their histories demonstrate how new concepts of childhood proved instrumental in the extension of medical developments and global imperial networks. This essay examines the children used to transmit anti-smallpox technologies, staring with Lady Wortley Montagu’s popularization of inoculation in England in the eighteenth century and extending through British efforts to bring cowpox vaccination to South and East Asia in the early 1800s. Emerging ideals of child innocence helped establish inoculation and vaccination as safe and effective treatments across distinctions of race, class, and place. At the same time, however, medical professionals reinscribed hierarchies of class and race upon children’s bodies. Elite, white children saved from smallpox especially became associated with ideals of parental, domestic affection, while working-class, orphan, and indigenous children more often served the role of children of the state—the test subjects and global carriers of both vaccine matter and the ideals of liberal imperialism.