Fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey and predators in protected areas
Fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey and predators in protected areas
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DOI：
10.1098/rsbl.2007.0415
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发表时间：
2007-12-22
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Berger, Joel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Berger, Joel
保护区是判断生态变化的关键基线，但非洲、亚洲和北美保留大型食肉动物的地区正面临巨大的经济和政治压力，以适应大规模的人类访问和随之而来的基础设施。一个意想不到的后果是涉及人，捕食者和猎物的三方互动的强烈调节，这一动态质疑动物分布和相互作用在多大程度上独立于人类的微妙影响。在这里，我利用显着的9天的同步性，其中90%的驼鹿新生儿在黄石生态系统中出生，以证明猎物如何避免捕食者的实质性变化;出生地点从交通厌恶棕熊转向铺设道路。十年之久的修改与食肉动物的繁殖有关，但无论是在无熊地区的母亲，也没有nonparous女性改变景观使用的模式。这些发现为哺乳动物利用人类来抵御食肉动物提供了有力的支持，并提出了由于人类的存在而在其他哺乳动物类群中发生重新分配的可能性，我们还没有预料到。为了解释公园内的生态功能系统，我们现在还必须考虑人类活动对物种分布和行为的间接影响。
Protected areas form crucial baselines to judge ecological change, yet areas of Africa, Asia and North America that retain large carnivores are under intense economic and political pressures to accommodate massive human visitation and attendant infrastructure. An unintended consequence is the strong modulation of the three-way interaction involving people, predators and prey, a dynamic that questions the extent to which animal distributions and interactions are independent of subtle human influences. Here, I capitalize on the remarkable 9-day synchronicity in which 90% of moose neonates in the Yellow-stone Ecosystem are born, to demonstrate a substantive change in how prey avoid predators; birth sites shift away from traffic-averse brown bears and towards paved roads. The decade-long modification was associated with carnivore recolonization, but neither mothers in bear-free areas nor non-parous females altered patterns of landscape use. These findings offer rigorous support that mammals use humans to shield against carnivores and raise the possibility that redistribution has occurred in other mammalian taxa due to human presence in ways we have yet to anticipate. To interpret ecologically functioning systems within parks, we must now also account for indirect anthropogenic effects on species distributions and behaviour.