Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: a pilot study in Nepal
Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: a pilot study in Nepal
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DOI：
10.5194/esurf-2020-78
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发表时间：
2020-10
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Benedetta Dini;G. Bennett;A. Franco;M. Whitworth;K. Cook;Andreas Senn;J. Reynolds
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benedetta Dini;G. Bennett;A. Franco;M. Whitworth;K. Cook;Andreas Senn;J. Reynolds
抽象的。巨石运动不仅可以在落石活动中观察到，而且还与其他滑坡类型相关联，例如岩石滑坡、源自先前岩石滑坡的崩积层中的土壤滑坡和泥石流。大型巨石从斜坡向河流网络移动时，会放大山体滑坡和洪水的危害，对生命和关键基础设施构成直接威胁。尽管它们构成了危险，但巨石并没有被直接作为检测滑坡运动的手段或用于专门的预警系统。我们使用一个创新的监测系统来观察巨石运动发生在不同的地貌设置之前，到达河流系统。我们的研究集中在加德满都东北部的Bhote Koshi上游流域的一个地区，Araniko高速公路在季风期间遭受周期性滑坡和洪水，并在2015年Gorkha地震期间受到同震滑坡的严重影响。在该地区，每年都会观察到巨石对财产，道路和其他关键基础设施（如水电站）的破坏。我们在2019年季风季节之前，在滑坡体和两条泥石流通道之间的23块巨石中嵌入了跟踪器。这些装有加速计的跟踪器可以探测到巨石方向的微小角度变化和作用在巨石上的巨大力量。数据可以通过远程广域网（LoRaWAN®）网关真实的传输到服务器。九个标记的巨石登记模式的加速度计数据与下坡运动兼容。其中，6个位于滑坡体显示出小的角度变化，表明在降雨期间的滑坡体的运动和复活。位于泥石流通道中的三块巨石显示出方向的急剧变化，可能对应于较大的自由运动和突然旋转。这项研究突出表明，这种创新的、具有成本效益的技术可用于监测灾害易发地点的巨石，方法是在真实的时间内查明潜在危险运动的开始，从而为预警系统奠定基础，特别是在昂贵的减灾战略可能不可行的发展中国家。
Abstract. Boulder movement can be observed not only in rockfall activity, but also in association with other landslide types such as rockslides, soil slides in colluvium originating from previous rockslides, and debris flows. Large boulders pose a direct threat to life and key infrastructure in terms of amplifying landslide and flood hazards as they move from the slopes to the river network. Despite the hazard they pose, boulders have not been directly targeted as a mean to detect landslide movement or used in dedicated early warning systems. We use an innovative monitoring system to observe boulder movement occurring in different geomorphological settings before reaching the river system. Our study focuses on an area in the upper Bhote Koshi catchment northeast of Kathmandu, where the Araniko highway is subjected to periodic landsliding and floods during the monsoons and was heavily affected by coseismic landslides during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. In the area, damage by boulders to properties, roads, and other key infrastructure, such as hydropower plants, is observed every year. We embedded trackers in 23 boulders spread between a landslide body and two debris flow channels before the monsoon season of 2019. The trackers, equipped with accelerometers, can detect small angular changes in the orientation of boulders and large forces acting on them. The data can be transmitted in real time via a long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN®) gateway to a server. Nine of the tagged boulders registered patterns in the accelerometer data compatible with downslope movements. Of these, six lying within the landslide body show small angular changes, indicating a reactivation during the rainfall period and a movement of the landslide mass. Three boulders located in a debris flow channel show sharp changes in orientation, likely corresponding to larger free movements and sudden rotations. This study highlights the fact that this innovative, cost-effective technology can be used to monitor boulders in hazard-prone sites by identifying the onset of potentially hazardous movement in real time and may thus establish the basis for early warning systems, particularly in developing countries where expensive hazard mitigation strategies may be unfeasible.