A Re-Analysis of the Early Historic Plains Indian Bison Drives
A Re-Analysis of the Early Historic Plains Indian Bison Drives
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对早期历史平原印度野牛迁徙的重新分析
DOI：
10.1080/2052546.1978.11908919
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发表时间：
1978
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Arthur
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Arthur
在北部平原的早期历史时期（公元1754-1880年），民族历史学家和人类学家对北部平原部落的年度狩猎周期进行了合理的重建。重建结果表明，那些主要以野牛为生的部落（阿西尼博因人、黑脚人、克里人和格罗斯文特人）只有在夏季形成大型营地，因为在发情季节，大型野牛群形成了。发情期过后，野牛在秋天分散成小群，进入它们的冬季活动范围。这使得印第安人在秋冬季节不得不分成10到30个小部落。从秋天到十二月，他们利用野牛的跳跃和磅来获得足够的食物，让这些小团体在他们的冬季营地里呆到春天。对这一重建的研究表明，目前公认的依赖野牛的北部平原部落的年周期与早期关于印第安人行为和野牛行为的历史文献证据不一致，也与现代关于野牛行为的证据不一致。因此，我把证据集中在两个问题上：1。在阿西尼博因族、黑脚族、克里族和格罗斯文特族中，赶野牛的季节是从初秋开始，到深秋或12月结束吗？
For the early Historic period (AD 1754-1880) on the Northern Plains, ethnohistorians and anthropologists have developed what appears to be a sensible reconstruction of the annual hunting cycle of the Northern Plains tribes. The reconstruction suggests that those tribes dependent primarily on the bison (the Assiniboine, Blackfoot, Cree, and Gros Ventre) formed large camps only in summer when large bison herds formed during the rutting season. After the rut, the bison scattered into small herds during the fall as they moved onto their winter range. This necessitated a breakup of the Indians into small groups of 10 to 30 lodges during the fall and winter months. From autumn into December, the bison jumps and pounds were utilized to secure sufficient provisions to permit these small groups to remain in their winter camps until spring. Examination of this reconstruction shows that the currently accepted annual cycle of the bison-dependent Northern Plains tribes does not coincide with the early historical, documented evidence of Indian behaviour and bison behaviour, nor with the modern evidence on bison behaviour. Therefore, I have focused the evidence on two questions: 1. Among the Assiniboine, Blackfoot, Cree, and Gros Ventre, did the season of the bison drives begin in early fall and terminate in late fall or December?