Egg antimicrobials, embryo sex and chick phenotype in the yellow-legged gull
Egg antimicrobials, embryo sex and chick phenotype in the yellow-legged gull
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-010-0901-8
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发表时间：
2010-04-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Saino, Nicola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bonisoli-Alquati, Andrea;Rubolini, Diego;Saino, Nicola
尽管蛋白作为蛋白质和水的来源以及胚胎的抗微生物防御发挥着重要作用，但通过蛋白质量对母体的影响在很大程度上尚未探索。我们分析了两个主要的蛋白抗菌剂，抗生物素蛋白和溶菌酶的变化，通过提取样品，从新鲜产下的蛋的黄腿鸥（Larus michahellis），并通过相关的水平，鸡蛋功能。溶菌酶浓度沿着产蛋顺序呈上升趋势，而抗生物素蛋白浓度呈下降趋势。这两种抗生素在本赛季都有所下降。此外，抗生物素蛋白浓度下降，从第一次到最后奠定男性鸡蛋，而相反的是真实的女性鸡蛋。我们还分析了鸡的体重和大小和免疫反应，在其原始鸡蛋中的蛋白抗菌水平，同时控制潜在的协变之间的鸡蛋质量和饲养条件之间的巢之间的交叉培养鸡蛋。跗骨长度下降与抗生物素蛋白浓度，特别是在赛季初。抗生物素蛋白浓度负预测跗骨长度的小鸡和植物血凝素反应的女性，但不是男性。但鸡的表型与溶菌酶蛋白浓度之间无显著的协变关系。这是第一项研究，其中蛋白抗菌剂介导的母体效应与任何野生鸟类的性别和卵特征有关。无论是观察到的抗菌药物浓度的变化模式是副产品的母体生理约束，或反映自适应分配策略，不能确定。鸡细胞介导的免疫和蛋白亲和素浓度之间的协变可能是因果关系，根据记录的蛋白对其他物种的免疫的影响。
Maternal effects through albumen quality are largely unexplored, despite the fundamental role that albumen exerts as source of proteins and water, as well as for antimicrobial defence of the embryo. We analysed the variation of two major albumen antimicrobials, avidin and lysozyme, by extracting samples from freshly laid eggs of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and by correlating their levels to egg features. Lysozyme concentration increased along the laying sequence, while avidin concentration decreased. Both antimicrobials declined during the season. In addition, avidin concentration declined from first- to last-laid male eggs, whereas the opposite was true among the female eggs. We also analysed chick body mass and size and immune response, in relation to albumen antimicrobial levels in their original egg while controlling for potential covariation between egg quality and rearing conditions by cross-fostering eggs between nests. Tarsus length decreased with avidin concentration, particularly early in the season. Avidin concentration negatively predicted tarsus length of chicks and the phytohaemagglutinin response of females, but not males. However, chick phenotype did not covary with lysozyme albumen concentration. This is the first study where maternal effects mediated by albumen antimicrobials are investigated in relation to both sex and egg features in any wild bird species. Whether the observed patterns of variation in antimicrobial concentration are the by-product of maternal physiological constraints, or reflect adaptive allocation strategies, cannot be ascertained. The covariation between chick cell-mediated immunity and albumen avidin concentration might be causal, according to the documented effects of albumen proteins on immunity in other species.