The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions
The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions
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圣劳伦斯岛冰间湖：对极地地区气候变化的类似评估 25 年
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Cooper
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Grebmeier;L. Cooper
北极太平洋的北方白令海季节性地被冰雪覆盖，包括冬季冰穴（冰雪覆盖的海洋中的开放区域）。总的来说，这个海洋系统在冬季的气候与冰雪覆盖的北冰洋没有什么不同。生活在这一地区沉积物中的大型底栖动物为北极的哨兵底栖动物提供了猎物，包括海象、灰鲸、须海豹和潜水海鸭。在过去的25年里（1990-2015年），我们一直在评估圣劳伦斯岛（SLI）以南的地区，本章提供了该地区季节性生态系统动态的综合和概述。我们在1988年至1998年的十年中，在春夏海冰向开放水域过渡期间（5月至8月）开始了我们的研究，但从1999年至2007年，我们有机会在冬末至早春过渡期间（3月至6月）使用破冰船进行研究巡航，以及2008年至2010年的冬末观测（3月至4月）。2010年，我们促进了分布式生物观测站（DBO）的发展，这是一个国家和国际协调巡航网络，分布在从SLI以南（DBO 1）到阿拉斯加州巴罗以北（DBO 5）的五条纬度排列的样带线上。DBO 1包括五个时间序列台站，这些台站已在二十年内进行了采样。在不同季节采样的机会使我们能够使用生态系统方法来评估物理，化学和生物模式的物候学，以了解过渡。从这些季节性观测中出现的总体情况是一个生物活性系统，具有强大的大气和水文控制，通过盐水排斥预先确定营养分布和水柱混合。这些过程最终影响到季节性生产力的强度和相关的活动的生物成分从冰藻浮游动物的底栖生物，并顶端的捕食者是象征性的功能，这是一个哨兵北极亚北极的相互作用的亚极地生态系统。
The northern Bering Sea in the Pacific Arctic is seasonally ice covered, and includes winter polynyas (open areas in ice-covered seas). Overall, this marine system climatically in the winter is little different from the ice-covered Arctic Ocean proper. The macrofauna living in the sediments in this region provide prey for sentinel benthivores in the Arctic, including walrus, gray whales, bearded seals, and diving sea ducks. We have been evaluating the area south of St. Lawrence Island (SLI) for the last 25 years (1990–2015) and this chapter provides a synthesis and overview of ecosystem dynamics in this region seasonally. We initiated our studies during the spring-summer sea ice transition to open water period (May–August) for a decade from 1988 to 1998, but had the opportunity from 1999 to 2007 to use icebreakers for research cruises in the late winter to early spring transition period (March–June), as well as for late winter observations (March–April) from 2008 to 2010. In 2010 we facilitated the development of the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO), a national and international network of coordinated cruises at five latitudinally arrayed transect lines from south of SLI (DBO1) north to Barrow, Alaska (DBO5). DBO1 includes five time series stations that have been sampled over two decades. The opportunity to sample in different seasons has allowed us to evaluate the phenology of physical, chemical, and biological patterns using an ecosystem approach to understand the transitions. The overall picture that emerges from these seasonal observations is of a biologically active system with strong atmospheric and hydrographic controls that predetermine nutrient distributions and water column mixing through brine rejection. These processes ultimately influence the intensity of seasonal productivity and associated activities of biological components from ice algae to zooplankton to the benthos, and to apex predators that are emblematic features of this subpolar ecosystem that is a sentinel for Arctic-subarctic interactions.