Rethinking the role of development banks in climate finance: Panama's Barro Blanco CDM project and Human Rights
Rethinking the role of development banks in climate finance: Panama's Barro Blanco CDM project and Human Rights
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重新思考开发银行在气候融资中的作用：巴拿马巴罗布兰科清洁发展机制项目与人权
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
Paola Villavicencio Calzadilla
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作者：
B. Pérez;Jane A. Hofbauer;Monika Mayrhofer;Paola Villavicencio Calzadilla
人类在21世纪世纪面临的主要威胁之一是气候变化。它的早期预警信号已经可见，科学家声称气候系统的“变暖”是明确的，自20世纪50年代以来，许多观察到的变化是几十年到几千年来前所未有的。大气和海洋变暖，冰雪减少，海平面上升。“气候变化的影响导致了一种内在的不公正现象：那些对问题贡献较小的国家是受其后果影响最大的国家。此外，由于气候变化的影响威胁到世界各地的生命和生计，它对许多区域的发展，特别是世界上最贫穷和最脆弱人口的发展构成挑战。近年来，开发银行已调整其业务以适应新的地方和全球挑战，并增加了对气候融资的投资。特别是在《京都议定书》清洁发展机制下登记的项目受到了特别关注。从历史上看，开发银行一直认为大多数公民将通过其融资活动受益。然而，这一假设并不可靠。本文件旨在揭示气候融资、国家和国际发展政策、经济和人权之间复杂的相互联系。它认为，气候变化缓解项目（如清洁发展机制下的项目）的国家和国际法律的和政治层面多种多样，往往相互竞争，往往使受项目影响的人的人权容易受到侵犯，没有充分的保障和机制来有效地表达他们的利益，保护他们的权利和促进诉诸司法。本文件首先分析了开发银行与清洁发展机制框架内气候融资之间的联系，其次阐述了开发银行资助的清洁发展机制项目的人权层面。本文件以巴拿马巴罗布兰科水电站这一具体案例研究为例讨论了其结论，证明了清洁发展机制制度的弱点，特别是从受影响者的角度来看，然后在最后一章中得出结论，认为解决人权方面的缺陷尤其重要，因为气候融资将在不久的将来变得更加重要。
One of the major threats humanity is facing in the 21st century is climate change. Its early warning signs are already visible and scientists claim that the '[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen.' The effects of climate change result in an inherently unjust phenomenon: those countries which have contributed less to the problem are the ones which suffer the most under its consequences. Moreover, as climate change impacts threaten lives and livelihoods across the world, it challenges the development of many regions, especially of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable populations. In recent years, development banks have adapted their operations to new local and global challenges and have increasingly invested in climate finance. Especially projects registered under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have received special attention. Historically, development banks have assumed that the majority of the citizens will benefit through their funding activities. However, this assumption has not been proven reliable. This paper aims at unravelling the complex interlinkages of climate finance, national and international development policies, economy and human rights. It argues that the manifold and often competing national and international legal and political layers of climate change mitigation projects, such as those under the CDM, often leave project affected people vulnerable to human rights violations without adequate safeguards and mechanism to effectively articulate their interests, protect their rights and promote access to justice. The paper firstly starts out to analyse the link between development banks and climate finance in the framework of the CDM and, secondly, elaborates on the human rights dimension of CDM projects financed by development banks. The paper discusses its findings with the example of a concrete case study, the Barro Blanco hydro-power plant in Panama, evidencing the weaknesses of the CDM system particularly from the perspective of affected persons, before it concludes in a last chapter that addressing the human rights shortcomings is especially relevant as climate finance will gain in importance in the near future.